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Unit 1 Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Allopathy

A

A therapeutic system in which a disease is treated by producing a second condition that is incompatible with or antagonistic to the first.

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2
Q

Allopath, allopathic physician

A

A term originated by Samuel Hahnemann, MD, to distinguish homeopaths from physicians practicing traditional/orthodox medicine.

In common usage, a general term used to differentiate MDs from other schools of medicine.

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3
Q

Anterior component

A

A positional descriptor used to identify the side of reference when rotation of a vertebra has occurred; in a condition of right rotation, the left side is the anterior component; usually refers to the less prominent transverse process.

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4
Q

Articulation

A

The place of union or junction between two or more bones of the skeleton.

The active or passive process of moving a joint through its permitted anatomic range of motion.

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5
Q

Asymmetry

A

Absence of symmetry of position or motion; dissimilarity in corresponding parts or organs on opposite sides of the body that are normally alike; of particular use when describing position or motion alteration resulting from somatic dysfunction.

*Part of the TART acronym for an osteopathic somatic dysfunction.

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6
Q

Axis

A

An imaginary line about which motion occurs.

The second cervical vertebra.

One component of an axis system.

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7
Q

Backward bending

A

Opposite of forward bending.

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8
Q

Barrier (motion barrier)

A

The limit to motion; in defining barriers, the palpatory end-feel characteristics are useful.

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9
Q

Anatomic barrier

A

The limit of motion imposed by anatomic structure; the limit of passive motion.

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10
Q

Elastic barrier

A

The range between the physiologic and anatomic barrier of motion in which passive ligamentous stretching occurs before tissue disruption.

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11
Q

Pathologic barrier

A

A restriction of a joint motion associated with pathologic change of tissues (example: osteophytes).

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12
Q

Physiologic barrier

A

The limit of active motion.

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13
Q

Restrictive barrier

A

A functional limit that abnormally diminishes the normal physiologic range.

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14
Q

Body unity

A

One of the basic tenets of the osteopathic philosophy; the human being is a dynamic unit of function.

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15
Q

Bogginess

A

A tissue texture abnormality characterized principally by a palpable sense of sponginess in the tissue, interpreted as resulting from congestion due to increased fluid content.

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16
Q

Caudad

A

Toward the tail or inferiorly.

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17
Q

Cephalad

A

Toward the head.

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18
Q

End feel

A

Perceived quality of motion as an anatomic or physiologic restrictive barrier is approached.

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19
Q

Extension

A

Accepted universal term for backward motion of the spine in the sagittal plane about a transverse axis; in a vertebral unit when the superior part moves backward.

In extremities, it is the straightening of a curve or angle.

Separation of the ends of a curve in a spinal region.

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20
Q

Health

A

Adaptive and optimal attainment of physical, mental, emotional, spiritual, and environmental well-being.

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21
Q

Kyphosis

A

The exaggerated (pathologic) A-P curve of the thoracic spine with concavity anteriorly.

Abnormally increased convexity in the curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side.

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22
Q

Lordosis

A

The anterior convexity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side. The term is used to refer to abnormally increased curvature (hollow back, saddle back, sway back) and to the normal curvature.

Hollow back or saddle back; an abnormal extension deformity; anteroposterior curvature of the spine, generally lumbar with the convexity looking anteriorly.

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23
Q

Lordotic

A

Pertaining to or characterized by lordosis.

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24
Q

Motion

A

A change of position (rotation and/or translation) with respect to a fixed system.

An act or process of a body changing position in terms of direction, course, and velocity.

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25
Active motion
Movement produced voluntarily by the patient.
26
Inherent motion
Spontaneous motion of every cell, organ, system, and their component units within the body.
27
Passive motion
Motion induced by the osteopathic practitioner while the patient remains passive or relaxed.
28
Physiologic motion
Changes in position of body structures within the normal range.
29
Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT)
The therapeutic application of manually guided forces by an osteopathic physician to improve physiologic function and/or support homeostasis that has been altered by somatic dysfunction.
30
Direct method (D/DIR)
An osteopathic treatment strategy by which the restrictive barrier is engaged and a final activating force is applied to correct somatic dysfunction.
31
Indirect method (I/IND)
A manipulative technique where the restrictive barrier is disengaged and the dysfunctional body part is moved away from the restrictive barrier until tissue tension is equal in one or all planes and directions.
32
Inhibitory pressure technique
The application of steady pressure to soft tissues to reduce reflex activity and produce relaxation.
33
Range of motion technique
Active or passive movement of a body part to its physiologic or anatomic limit in any or all planes of motion.
34
Palpatory diagnosis
A term used by osteopathic practitioners to denote the process of palpating the patient to evaluate the structure and function of the neuromusculoskeletal and visceral systems.
35
Palpatory skills
Sensory skills used in performing palpatory diagnosis and osteopathic manipulative treatment.
36
Physiologic motion of the spine
The three major principles of physiologic motion are: 1. When the thoracic and lumbar spine are in neutral position, the coupled motions of sidebending and rotation for a group of vertebrae are such that sidebending and rotation occur in opposite directions (with rotation occurring toward the convexity). 2. When the thoracic and lumbar spine are sufficiently forward or backward bent (non-neutral), the coupled motions of sidebending and rotation in a single vertebral unit occur in the same direction. 3. Initiating motion of a vertebral segment in any plane of motion will modify the movement of that segment in other planes of motion. Principles I and II of thoracic and lumbar spinal motion described by Harrison H. Fryette, DO (1918). Principle 3 was described by C.R. Nelson, DO (1948).
37
Plane
A flat surface determined by the position of three points in space. Any of a number of imaginary surfaces passing through the body and dividing it into segments.
38
Coronal (frontal) plane
A plane passing longitudinally through the body from one side to the other, and dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions.
39
Sagittal plane
A plane passing longitudinally through the body from front to back and dividing it into right and left portions. The median or midsagittal plane divides the body into approximately equal right and left portions.
40
Transverse (horizontal) plane
A plane passing horizontally through the body perpendicular to the sagittal and frontal planes, dividing the body into upper and lower portions.
41
Rule of threes
A method to locate the approximate position of the transverse process of a thoracic segment by using the location of the spinous process of that same vertebra. The relationship is as follows: T1 to T3: TP is at the same level as tip of SP T4 to T6: TP is one half vertebral level above the tip of the SP T7 to T9: TP is one full vertebral level above the tip of SP T10: TP is one full vertebral level above tip of SP T11: TP is one half vertebral level above the tip of SP T12: TP is at the same level as tip of SP
42
Segment
A portion of a larger body or structure set off by natural or arbitrarily established boundaries, often equated with a spinal segment. To describe a single vertebrae or a vertebral segment corresponding to the sites of origin of rootlets of individual spinal nerves. A portion of the spinal cord.
43
Segmental motion
Movement within a vertebral unit described by displacement of a point at the anterior-superior aspect of the superior vertebral body with respect to the segment below.
44
Sidebending
Movement in a coronal (frontal) plane about an A-P axis. Also called lateral flexion, lateroflexion, or flexion right/or left.
45
Sidebent
The position of any one or several vertebral bodies after sidebending has occurred.
46
Skin drag
Sense of resistance to light traction applied to the skin. Related to the degree of moisture and degree of SNS activity.
47
STAR
A mnemonic for four diagnostic criteria of somatic dysfunction: sensitivity changes, tissue texture abnormality, asymmetry, and alteration of the quality and quantity of range of motion.
48
Stretching
Separation of the origin and insertion of a muscle and/or attachments of fascia and ligaments.
49
Stringiness
A palpable tissue texture abnormality characterized by fine or stringlike myofascial structures.
50
TART
A mnemonic for four diagnostic criteria of somatic dysfunction: tissue texture abnormality, asymmetry, restriction of motion and tenderness, and one of which must be present for the diagnosis. T: Tissue texture abnormality A: Asymmetry R: Restricted ROM T: Tenderness
51
Tenderness
Discomfort or pain elicited by the osteopathic practitioner through palpation. A state of unusual sensitivity to touch or pressure. *Part of the TART acronym for an osteopathic somatic dysfunction.
52
Tissue texture abnormality (TTA)
A palpable change in tissues from skin to periarticular structures that represents any combination of the following signs: vasodilation, edema, flaccidity, hypertonicity, contracture, fibrosis, as well as the following symptoms: itching, pain, tenderness, paresthesias. Types of TTA's include: bogginess, thickening, stringiness, ropiness, firmness, temperature change, moisture change. *Part of the TART acronym for an osteopathic somatic dysfunction.
53
Traction
A linear force acting to draw structures apart.
54
Transverse process
Projects laterally from the region of each pedicle. The pedicle connects the posterior elements to the vertebral body.
55
Vertebral unit
Two adjacent vertebrae with their associated IV disk, arhthrodial, ligamentous, muscular, vascular, lymphatic, and neural elements.
56
Aesculapius
Greek god of healing Son of Apollo Rough cypress branch: strength, solidity, and unwavering ethics of the physician Entwined by a single snake: extensive knowledge and prudent action
57
No anesthesia until ___ -- and then only for women.
1840
58
No sterile techniques until ____.
1890s
59
When did Pasteur establish the germ theory?
1864
60
When was the American Association for the Advancement of Osteopathy founded? When did it become American Osteopathic Association (AOA)?
1897 1901--became AOA*
61
Six foundation schools
1892: Kirksville 1896: Los Angeles 1898: Des Moines 1899: Philadelphia 1900: Chicago 1916: Kansas City
62
Not until the ___ War in ___ were DOs allowed to serve as physicians in the Armed Forces.
Vietnam War 1966
63
When was the Oklahoma Osteopathic Hospital established?
1944
64
In ____, Governor David Hall signed a bill creating the ___________.
1972 Oklahoma College of Osteopathic Medicine and Surgery

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