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SPA 101 > Unit 1 Test > Flashcards

Unit 1 Test Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

respiration

A

Diaphragm, provides the power source for speech

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2
Q

phonation?

A

Larynx, sets the air stream in motion

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3
Q

Articulation

A

Tongue, shapes the vowel and consonant sounds produces in the vocal tract

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4
Q

Resonance

A

Velum, controls the flow of air through the nasal cavity; providers unique sound for each voice based on shape of head

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5
Q

Glottis

A

Space between the vocal cord; open while inhale, exhale closed

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6
Q

Where is the velum and what position is it in while making vowel sounds?

A

In closed position against back of throat

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7
Q

Communication

A

Synchronous/ asynchronous sending and receiving of info between sender and receiver

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8
Q

Speech

A

Neurologically controlled coordination of muscles by which the vocal tract is manipulated to produce acoustic signal to convey sounds; physiological process of producing sound

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9
Q

Language

A

Arbitrary, conventional, dynamic, the meaning in the message

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10
Q

What are the 3 anatomy components required for speech?

A

Throat, pharynx, mouth

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11
Q

Voice

A

General term for phonation

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12
Q

Articulators

A

Lips, tongue, velum (soft palate)

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13
Q

Respiratory system

A

Power supply for speech

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14
Q

Larynx

A

Sound source for speech

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15
Q

Upper and nasal airways

A

Throat (pharynx) and mouth; modify source generated by larynx to create different speech sounds

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16
Q

Lungs

A

Inflate and deflate as a sir moves in and out

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17
Q

Chest wall

A

All structures outside the lungs that can compress and expand the lungs

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18
Q

Exhalation

A

Compression of lungs, raises air pressure inside lungs, air flows from lungs to atmosphere

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19
Q

Inhalation

A

Expansion of lungs lowers air pressure, air flows from atmosphere in to lungs

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20
Q

Vitals capacity

A

Volume of air that can be exhaled following a maximum inhalation

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21
Q

Speech breathing

A

Use of respiratory system for speech

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22
Q

Vegetative breathing

A

Rest breathing, symmetric shape of inhalation-exhalation phases of airflow

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23
Q

What muscles are used in speech breathing and what is the purpose?

A

Thorax (chest), diaphragm, abdomen;
Maintain constant lung pressure during speech

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24
Q

Components of larynx

A

Cartilage, muscle, membranes, ligaments
Cricoid cartilage on bottom, hyoid bone on top, vocal folds in thyroid cartilage

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25
Vocal folds
Hidden paired bands (folds) of tissue that run between front to back of larynx, vibrate and generate sound source for speech
26
Subjective terms to describe voice
Pitch (F0), loudness (intensity), quality (mix of frequency and noise energy)
27
Upper airway
Vocal tract, nasal tract, velopharynx; Production of consonants and vowels
28
Vocal tract
Airway extending from vocal folds to lips; shape is changed by movement of lips, tongue, jaw, throat; shaper of speech sounds
29
Nasal tract
Airway (2 columns) from upper part of throat to nostrils; shape remains the same during speech
30
Velopharynx
Upper part of pharynx and soft palate; movements connect/disconnect vocal tract from nasal tract
31
Velopharyngeal port
Channel between soft palate and pharyngeal walls; lowered soft palate and relaxed pharyngeal walls open the port and connect pharyngeal air cavity and nasal air cavity ; raised soft palate closes the port so air only flows through pharyngeal and oral cavity
32
Parts of outer ear
Pinna External auditory meatus (ear canal)
33
Parts of middle ear
Eardrum (tympanic membrane) Ossicles (middle ear bones): malleus, incus, stapes
34
Parts of inner ear
Vestibular apparatus cochlea (end of organ hearing): basilar membrane, organ of corti Auditory nerve
35
3 major structures of peripheral auditory system
(In temporal bone) Bony ear canal Middle ear Inner ear
36
Pinna
Made of cartilage and fat tissue Collects and directs sound energy into ear canal towards tympanic membrane
37
External auditory meatus (EAM)
Small opening inside pinna; tube extending from this opening to tympanic membrane Conduct sound energy to TM Enhance sounds (resonator) Protects EAM by secreting cerumen (ear wax) for barrier to foreign objects
38
Ossicular chain
Transmit sound energy from Tympanic membrane -> footplate of stapes -> cochlea Malleus (hammer): attached to TM Incus (anvil): middle bone, links malleus to stapes Stapes (stirrup): attached to cochlea
39
Tensor tympani
Contraction of tensor tympani muscle pulls on malleus, retracting TM into middle ear cavity
40
Stapedius
Contraction of stapedius muscle tendon pulls on footplate of stapes away from oval window; key part of acoustic reflex
41
Eustachian tube
Auditory tube; bony tube opening near bottom of middle ear cavity to upper part of pharynx Normally closed; opens briefly during swallowing, chewing, yawning
42
Inner ear
Encased in bony structure called bony labyrinth in temporal bone; vestibule joins semicircular canals and cochlea
43
Semicircular canals
3 fluid filled canals oriented at right angles Controls balance Sends signal to nervous system about position of head
44
Vestibule
Contains oval window where footplate of stapes is Detects head motion
45
Which parts of the ear are conductive mechanisms?
Outer and middle
46
What parts of the ear are sensorineural mechanism?
Inner ear
47
What type of energy goes into external ear canal and what type of energy goes out?
Acoustic -> mechanical In tympanic membrane
48
What type of energy goes into middle ear and what goes out?
Mechanical -> hydraulic In oval window of cochlea
49
What type of energy goes into cochlea and comes out?
Hydraulic -> electrochemical In basilar membrane and hair cells
50
The organ of Corti sits on what structure?
Basilar membrane
51
Tonotopic organization
Orderly representation of frequency within inner ear
52
Tympanic membrane
Marks terminal end of outer ear and beginning of middle ear
53
What type of energy is found in the external auditory canal?
Acoustic
54
What type of energy is found in the ossicular chain
Mechanical
55
What type of energy is found in the cochlea?
Hydraulic
56
What type of energy is found in the auditory nerve?
Electrochemical
57
Which frequencies are located closest to oval window of cochlea?
High frequencies
58
Vowels
Sounds produced with open vowel tract
59
Consonants
Sounds produced by restricting airflow
60
Theory of speech acoustics
The signal (sound wave) that emerges from speaker’s lips is a combo of source and filter Source: acoustic signal produced by vibrating vocal folds Filter: emphasizes/de emphasizes frequencies
61
Where are the lowest frequencies located on the cochlea?
far from the oval window, towards apex
62
CNS
cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum, spinal cord
63
peripheral nervous system
nerves exiting the brainstem and spinal cord: cranial nerves and spinal nerves; sensory receptors and motor endplates
64
gray matter
densely packed cell bodies of neurons
65
white matter
bundles of axons; form fiber tracts in CNS
66
cerebral hemispheres
composed of gyri (ridges of tissue) and sulci (grooves separating gyri); cortex consists of billions of neuron cell bodies (gray matter)
67
central sulcus
boundary between frontal and parietal lobes
68
sylvian fissure
boundary between temporal and frontal & temporal and parietal
69
frontal lobe
primary motor cortex, executive function, Broca's area
70
Broca's area
cortical area for expression of speech
71
parietal lobe
primary sensory cortex, association (speech, hearing and lang)
72
temporal lobe
primary auditory cortex, word memory and retrieval, Wernicke's area
73
Wernicke's area
cortical area for comprehension of speech and language
74
occipital lobe
visual analysis
75
arcuate fasciculus
"dorsal stream", fiber tract connecting Wernicke's and Broca's, primary pathway for transmission of sound structure of words
76
ventral stream
fiber tract connecting Wernicke's and Broca's via temporal lobe, primary pathway for transmission of word meaning between comprehension and expression areas
77
basal ganglia disease
Parkinson's: tremor, soft voice, rapid speech rate
78
cerebellum
located in back of brainstem, connected to all parts of CNS, coordination of movement, learning movement patterns
79
brainstem
stalk like structure; midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata; responsible for vital functions (breathing, consciousness, heart rate), both gray and white matter, nuclei for head and neck
80
spinal cord
extends from medulla to below the waist, controls contraction and sensation for muscles of limbs and torso, gray matter center surrounded by white matter

SPA 101 (1 decks)

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