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AP Euro > Unit 1 test > Flashcards

Unit 1 test Flashcards

1
Q

Burgundy

A

A duchy in France where he nobles supported the English monarch in order to stop the French from centralizing the government into one ruling power. They sold Joan of Arc to England.

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2
Q

Why was France so destroyed after the war?

A

Because for them it was also a civil war

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3
Q

Capet

A

The Capetian dynasty that ruled France for about 800 years starting with Hugh Capet.

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4
Q

When was Joan of Arc made a co commander of the army?

A

At the battle of Orleans where they forced the English out.

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5
Q

Who was highly successful in the early parts of the Hundred Years’ War?

A

England due to their long bow men which allowed them to send off 3 arrows to the Frenchs 1 because of loading faster. They also created a cannon which caused panic.

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6
Q

What event also occurred during the Hundred Years’ War that caused more loss?

A

The bubonic plague

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7
Q

Joan of Arc

A

A religious peasant girl who claimed voices in her head from Saints. She demanded the English surrender and led armies for the French. She was very successful and won many battles. They made her cocommander of the army but was captured and put on trial in England where they killed her for heresy even though there was nothing against her. She became a martyr in France.

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8
Q

Phillip the Fair

A

1285-1314 time in power. King of France who didn’t like the arrangement between King and pope as equals anymore and tried to overtake the popes powers. (Pope Boniface VIII). After he died the new Pope Clement was forced to live in Avignon.

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9
Q

Avignon

A

A southeastern region of France. Phillip the Fair forces the pope to live there. The first pope to live in Avignon, Pope Clement V, lives there from 1309-1376

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10
Q

Babylonian captivity

A

A time period in which the pope lives in southeastern France so the secular (nonreligious) leaders of France could regulate the church and people. This badly damaged the pope because they were severed from their religious roots.

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11
Q

Great Schism of the…

A

WEST. When Urban VI becomes pope and denounces cardinals and bishops by name - this causes the cardinals to meet secretly and excommunicate him saying his election was invalid. The pope in Avignon and now Urban VI in Rome was too many popes. They called a Council at Pisa which a new pope was elected but the other two did not step down. Now there were 3 popes.

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12
Q

Conciliarists

A

People who believed that the authority in the Roman Catholic Church should rest in a general council composed of clergy, theologians, and laypeople, rather than the pope alone.

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13
Q

John Wyclif

A

He agreed with conciliarists and said Scripture alone should be the standard of belief and practice. He translated the Bible into English and thought everyone should be able to read it.

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14
Q

Lollards

A

Wyclifs followers that spread his ideas and made copies of the Bible. Lollards was a mocking name they were called. They were persecuted in the 1400s century and met in private anyway.

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15
Q

Bohemia

A

(Now the Czech Republic) students from Bohemia studying at Oxford learned the Lollards ways and spread it back to Bohemia.

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16
Q

Jan Hus

A

A university theologian that denied papal authority and called for translations of the Bible into the local Czech language. He said indulgences were useless and his followers linked his ideas with their opposition to the church’s wealth and power. Later he was burned at the stake for heresy in 1415.

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17
Q

Council at Constance

A

German Emperor Sigismund pressured for a great council to meet at Constance. It was to wipe out heresy, end the schism, and reform the church. It got rid of the Roman pope and the successor chosen at Council at Pisa and also the pope at Avignon. Martin V was elected as the new pope.

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18
Q

Laypeople

A

People who preached religion their own way even though not members of the church authority.

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19
Q

Thomas Kempis

A

Wrote The Imitation of Christ and said to take Christ as their model, seek perfection in a simple way of life, and look at Scriptures for guidance. He said you could speak to God through yourself not just the church.

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20
Q

Three famous conciliarists

A

John Wyclif, Jan Hus, Thomas Kempis

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21
Q

Dante

A

Wrote the Divine Comedy- an epic poem that is about Christianity but criticizes the church authority. Loved from 1310-1320.

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22
Q

Chaucer

A

(1342-1400) He was an official in the administrations of English kings Edward III and Richard II and wrote poetry. He wrote Canterbury Tales.

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23
Q

Vernacular

A

Local languages people spoke in an area

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24
Q

Florins

A

The gold coins of Florence that were accepted throughout Italy as a higher standard currency

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25
Q

Condottieri

A

Powerful military leaders that oligarchies brought in to bring order to the cities in Italy.

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26
Q

Medici

A

Banking family that ruled Florence for three centuries, beginning in 1434. They were taken out of power but brought back later.

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27
Q

Savonarola

A

Dominican friar that preached in Florence that God would punish Italy for its moral vice and corrupt leadership. He saw the French invasion as a sign and expelled the Medici leadership and became the new religious leader of a new Florentine republic. When people were tired of him they killed him and brought the Medicis back. He had Dark Ages ideas - he was killed. This shows the difference between Renaissance and Dark Ages.

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28
Q

Lay groups and mysticism weren’t heretics unless they challenged the…

A

Pope

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29
Q

Peasant uprisings were slow to bring change but…

A

Kept the leaders from exploiting them totally.

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30
Q

What three concepts in Italy were interconnected and helped towards the Renaissance?

A

Economics, politics, culture

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31
Q

Where did the Renaissance begin?

A

Florence

Had a huge population

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32
Q

Economic prosperity …

A

Gave people free time which allowed them to put their time into things like art and other things.

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33
Q

Oligarchy

A

Most Italian city states were run by powerful families or elites

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34
Q

Why weren’t the Italian city states a whole country?

A

Their city states were so divided and competitive they were too attached to their own cities they couldn’t unify.

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35
Q

How did the Italian city states represent future relations among European states?

A

Whenever one Italian city state seemed to have more power over the others the others combined together in alliances to maintain balance.

36
Q

Problem of not unifying for Italian city states

A

Made them open to attack and invasion. They were raided often.

37
Q

Gallican

A

When France’s pope steps down and becomes independent from Rome’s new pope. They are still Catholic but run by themselves without the Roman Catholic Church.

38
Q

When was the Renaissance?

A

14th-16th centuries

39
Q

Five characteristics that allowed the Renaissance to happen

A

geography, topography, economy, politics, and religion

40
Q

Geography for Renaissance

A

Italy is a peninsula located in the Mediterranean Sea right in between mainland Europe and the Middle East.

41
Q

Topography in the Renaissance

A

Northern Italy is a mountainous region which tends to isolate communities, and favors the formations of towns, rather than countries.

42
Q

Economy of Renaissance

A

The towns/cities of Northern Italy were tied to industry and trade, led by artisans and merchants who developed crafts, traditions, and expertise instead of farming.

43
Q

Politics in Renaissance

A

The city state of Florence became a self governing republic. Citizens would contribute to public policy. There was a rotation of elected officials. Debate, discussion, and persuasion leads to creativity.

44
Q

Religion in Renaissance

A

The population of Italy was very religious and so was the art of the Renaissance. The papacy was in decline do there was no overreaching force to censor or stifle creativity.

45
Q

Petrarch

A

(1304-1374) thought to be first humanist
uncovered the works of Cicero, a Roman orator, which led him to see classical philosophy. (He was the son of a florentine notary and was inspired to learn Latin and copy ancient works and searched for more.)
Named the Dark Ages

46
Q

Dante

A

(1265-1321) Florence poet. Most famous work was The Divine Comedy. It was about real people and comments about political events of his lifetime. It showed religious ideas of the Middle Ages and worldly concerns of the Renaissance. It served as a bridge between European past and future.

47
Q

Giotto

A

(1267-1337) often referred to as the first Renaissance painter. His painting created an illusion of depth, and the people in his paintings seemed to be interacting with one another, and showed realistic emotions. This was a revolution in art.

48
Q

Machiavelli

A

(1469-1527) political philosopher who established the theory that politics is amoral (no right or wrong) and that any means can be used to achieve political power. His ideas are portrayed in his famous political work The Prince.

49
Q

Humanism

A

The study of Latin and Greek literature (translated as liberal studies) and the people who did that were humanists with the goal of understanding human nature.

50
Q

Virtu’

A

The quality of being able to shape the world according to ones own will. People who rose to do things despite their background.

51
Q

Fortuna

A

The operations of fate where even the most powerful couldn’t control it. Portrayed as a woman

52
Q

Christian humanism

A

Northern humanists who interpreted Italian ideas and attitudes toward classical antiquity and humanism in terms of their own religious traditions. Thought their humanism was better.

53
Q

Famous humanists

A

Niccolo Machiavelli, Thomas More, Desiderius Erasmus

54
Q

Thomas More

A

English humanist
Wrote Utopia that describes a community on an island where all children receive good education from Greco Roman classics, adults divide their days between manual labor or intellectual activities. Problems were solved by the government. It became the word for imaginary / perfect society.

55
Q

Desiderius Erasmus

A

Dutch humanist who translated tons of books so people everywhere could read them. (The Bible) he also wrote The Praise of Folly that made fun of political, social, and mostly religious institutions. He also mocked the Christian leadership while remaining devoutly Christian himself.

56
Q

Johann Gutenburg

A

Recognized metal stamps used to mark signs on jewelry could be covered with ink and used to mark symbols onto a surface to print books more efficiently.

57
Q

Quattrocento

A

The 1400s

Looked back on as a golden age in Italy

58
Q

Cinquecento

A

The 1500s

Looked upon as a golden age in Italy

59
Q

Charles VII

A

The king of France who reconciled the Burgundians and Armagnacs. Created the first permanent royal army in Europe.

60
Q

Louis XI

A

Son of Charles VII “spider King” improved upon Charles VIIs army and used it to stop nobles militias. Gained new territory from conquering and marriage.

61
Q

Wars of the Roses

A

The war between the ducal houses of York and Lancaster for control of the Crown in England. 15th century- Tudors win the war. Beginning of Tudor rule in England.

62
Q

Henry VII

A

First Tudor to rule (New monarch) and used ruthlessness, efficiency, and secrecy. He distrusted the nobility and chose smaller landlords and residents to be his advisors.

63
Q

Granada

A

A section of Spain that was won for Christianity. Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella entered and gained that territory. (Final battle of Reconquista)

64
Q

Reconquista

A

Series of campaigns by Christian states to recapture territory from the Muslims (Moors), who had occupied most of the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century.

65
Q

Inquisition

A

Period of prolonged and intensive questioning or investigation of heresy. Spain launches this because they were so tired of being ruled by foreign leaders. They thought all Catholics were good and everyone else was being killed.

66
Q

Renaissance Man

A

According to Baldassare Castigliones The Courtier :
An educated man that had a broad background in many academic subjects and should train his spiritual and physical sides as well.

67
Q

In the Renaissance, some women became educated in…

A

The classics

68
Q

Christian humanism were important roots of the eventual

A

Protestant Reformation

69
Q

Renaissance artists were able to learn and practice their craft by…

A

Training in workshops of older artists

70
Q

Debate about Women

A

This was a debate about the reason behind Womens secondary status and proper role in society. This later led to the argument on female rulers and the limitations of it.

71
Q

The important part to the development of European countries was a strong

A

Monarchy

72
Q

Characteristics of Medieval times

A

Reject the worldly, dedicate all your time to Christianity

73
Q

Characteristics of Renaissance and Virtu’

A

Rediscover worldliness, life is good, demonstrate your human power, world is more about you

74
Q

Political aspects of Renaissance

A
  • wants to be more and more like Rome
  • end the feudal system
  • one big Army
  • form a parliament
  • taxes for the central authority
  • bourgeoisie (rich commoners) , used them instead of nobles to weaken nobles powers
75
Q

Donatello

A

(1386-1466)
Florentine who travelled to Rome to study its ancient ruins. He returned to Florence determined to create statues which seemed real and alive. He was the first of the Renaissance to create large, free standing human figures, usually in the nude.

76
Q

Leonardo

A

(1452-1519)
Considered to be the ultimate “Renaissance man” for excelling in many fields. He is most famous for the “Mona Lisa” and “The Last Supper”.

77
Q

Michelangelo

A

(1475-1564)
Considered to be the most talented of the Renaissance artists. Some called “Divine Michelangelo”. He is most famous for his statue “The Pieta” , his statue “The David”, and his painting of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

78
Q

Raphael

A

(1483-1520)
Learned from Leonardo and Michelangelo. He transformed the library of Pope Julius II into a “Renaissance Hall of Fame”. His most famous painting is the “School of Athens”, painted ok one of the Vatican Walls.

79
Q

Who did artists study in the 15th century for painting?

A

Giotto, Masaccio

80
Q

What leader of Florence invites Michelangelo to live with him?

A

Lorenzo de Medici

81
Q

What pope commissioned Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the Sistine chapel?

A

Pope Julius II

82
Q

Who did Michelangelo feel was better qualified to paint the Sistine chapel?

A

Raphael

83
Q

What and when may have signaled the end of the Renaissance?

A

1527- Rome was invaded by Protestants

84
Q

What piece was completed in 1546 by Michelangelo

A

Dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral

85
Q

How old was Michelangelo when he died

A

89

86
Q

Why is the “Last Judgement” so controversial

A

Christ is shown as a condemner

87
Q

Cause of 100 years war

A

Charles IV died without an heir to the throne of France and the King of England, his sisters son, wanted the throne. When it was passed to Philip Valois, this ended the Capetian dynasty and started the Valois dynasty in France. Edward III of England made called for war.

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