Unit 1 - The Liberal State, 1911-1918 Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
When was partial Italian unification achieved/then full unification?
A
-1861
-1870
2
Q
What does the term campanilismo mean?
A
A feeling of pride and belonging to their place of birth, much stronger than any sense of national identity
3
Q
How many Italians spoke regional dialect?
A
99%
4
Q
What does risorgimento mean?
A
means resurgence or rebirth and refers to the unification of Italy, concludes with the incorporation of Rome in 1870
5
Q
How many protestors were killed in May 1898?
A
100 in Milan
6
Q
What event came as a result of the May 1898 protestor deaths?
A
29th July 1900, the King Umberto I was assassinated by an Italian anarchist
7
Q
What hampered Italy’s political development?
A
Catholic Church and the Roman Question
8
Q
What was the Roman Question?
A
split between the Italian state and the Catholic Church, refused to recognise the legitimacy of the unified nation
9
Q
When did the Pope forbid Catholics from running for office or voting in national elections?
A
1886, meant that there was no parliamentary challenge to the liberal middle classes
10
Q
How many Italian men had the vote in Liberal Italy?
A
Less than 25%
11
Q
How were governments formed in Liberal Italy?
A
Politicians formed govs by offering key positions to other parliamentary members, govs were short lived as a result, success as a politician was determined by skill in forming political alliances (lack of political parties)
12
Q
What was trasformismo?
A
Political manoeuvring, characterised by corruption and frequent changes in gov
13
Q
How many changes of government were there between 1870 and 1922?
A
29
14
Q
When did the North of Italy experience considerable economic expansion?
A
1899-1914, industrialisation and expansion focused on the North of the country -> had no benefits to wider population and industrial/rural workers
15
Q
Examples of growing industry in the North?
A
iron and steel industries grew significantly, as did chemical, mechanical and electrical - car industries such as Fiat, Alfa Romeo and Lancia became established
16
Q
How many protests were there between 1901-1911?
A
Over 1,500 strikes -> 350,000 workers
17
Q
What were the protests about 1901-11?
A
protests against unemployment, food shortages and high taxation were common -> industrialisation accentuated north south divide
18
Q
What was the ‘question meridionale’?
A
Focused their questioning on how the South had managed to fall in to such poverty and how to alleviate it - theories regarding the south’s poor economic structure and geographical location, history and poor treatment by the north
19
Q
When did the Italian PM first visit the South after the unification?
A
32 years after
20
Q
What did a census demonstrate about Italy’s industrial workers?
A
1911 census, half of Italy’s 2.2 million industrial workers were employed in the northern provinces of Lombardy, Liguria and Piedmont
21
Q
How many people died in the 1910-11 cholera epidemic?
A
25,000 died in Naples
22
Q
What was the income per head n vs s 1911?
A
Double in the north versus south
23
Q
What was irredentism?
A
Asserted that Italy’s successful unification in 1870 should continue until all Italian-speaking areas were incorporated into Italy
24
Q
Between 1901 and 1913 how ,any southern Italians left Italy per year?
A
200,000 and by 1910
25
how many Sicilians left Italy?
1 million out of 3.5 million
26
How many Italians lived in New York?
600,000
27
Which failed Italian battle took place in Africa in 1884? Number of casualties?
Battle of Dogali- British gov agreed to Italian expansion, 500 Italian soldiers died
28
When did the Battle of Adwa take place? Number of casualties?
1st March 1896, 5,000 Italian troop dead
29
How many times was Giolitti PM and across how many years?
Five terms aas PM from 1892-1914
30
What was the PSI?
Partito Socialista Italiano (PSI), formed in 1892 -> in the 1900 general election the PSI won 216,000 votes/32 deputies out of 508 seats
31
What was the main focus of the Giolitti Programme in 1911?
grown substantially winning nearly a quarter of all vote cast = 79 deputies
32
How did urbanisation transform Italian politics?
The movement of peasants towards the city allowed for the great mixing of Italians and the dissemination of political thought/ increased literacy, PSI were active in taking their message to the poor- holding meetings, lectures and debates -> led by Filippo Turati, promoted education as Italy's poor could promote political order
33
How many industrial workers had joined socialist national federations?
By 1902 250,000
34
How many Italians joined the socialist agricultural cooperatives?
218,000 by 1910
35
What was Giolitti's tactic to face the Socialists?
trasformismo and offering a series of social reforms ->
-national insurance fund for health and old age (1898)
-banning of employment of children under 12 (1901)
-limiting the working day for women to 11 hours (1902)
-introduction of a maternity fund (1910)
36
What was the most important concession that Giolitti made for the Socialists?
non-intervention in labour disputes (1906) - even offered Leonida Bisssolati in 1911, a leading socialist, a place in Giolitti's cabinet but he denied
37
How successful was Giolitti's attempt at absorbing the socialists?
Successful with moderates such as Turati, however party was split between reformists (willing to work with Giolitti) and maximalists (radicals who despised the liberal state), compromises with the socialists also brought him into conflict with the Catholic Church and Nationalists
38
How did Giolitti describe the state and Church's relationship in 1904?
'Two parallel lines which should never meet'
39
What were some of Giolitti's concessions to the Church?
-Enabling a Divorce Bill to be closed from passing in 1904
-Promoted Catholic interests in the likes of education
-Church even encouraged Catholics to vote for the Liberals in Florence, Turin, Bologna and Venice
-Church youth groups expanding between 1904-11
-HOWEVER, Giolitti remained unwilling to compromise on the 'Roman Question'
40
Which political faction could of been deemed the greatest threat to Giolitti's gov?
The nationalists, the country's despondency at Italy's persistent military defeats and political weakness led to the nationalists gaining further support- nationalists possessed a desire to regain the irredente lands
->supported in particular by the educated middle classes, believed liberalism to be 'selfish individualism'
41
When was the ANI inaugurated?
1910, under the leadership of Enrico Corradini, nationalists able to take credit for Giolitti's successes in Libya (1911)
42
What were some of the reasons for Italy's invasion of Libya?
Italy had signed a deal in 1902 with France, if they backed French Moroccan expansion, French would back Italian expansion in Libya
-An invasion of Libya would gain the Italians the support of the Church who had significant financial interests in Libya
-An invasion could win Giolitti Nationalist and Catholic support
43
When did the invasion of Libya commence?
29th September 1911, there was an outpouring of national enthusiasm
44
How long did it take the Italian navy to seize the Libyan ports?
3 weeks
45
How many troops did Italy commit to the Libyan invasion?
70,000
46
How did Italy put pressure on the Ottomans during the Libyan invasion?
Italian forces occupied 13 Turkish-held islands, Ottoman's simultaneous conflict with Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Greece led to surrender
47
When did the Ottomans surrender?
18th October 1912
48
How many troops did Italy have to leave in Libya?
50,000 troops to pacify the Arab population
49
How many Italian deaths did the Libyan invasion incur?
3,500
50
Why was Libya deemed a victory?
Italy had overcome the shame of Adwa and was perceived to be a true European power
51
How did the Libyan invasion improve Giolitti's political relations?
-PSI deputies were willing to provide their support
-Catholic Church had become less antagonistic
-galvanised nationalist support for the gov
52
What were some of the negatives associated with Giolitti's Libyan invasion?
-Nationalists took credit for the war, denouncing liberals and their lack of patriotism
-destroyed cooperation with the PSI, opposed the conflict as 'imperialist militarism'-more radical socialists expelled those who had supported the conflict, such as Bissolati, from the party, revolutionary wing seized control and refused to cooperate further with Giolitti
53
What was the franchise extension of 1912?
The vote had previously been reserved for literate men over 21, it was then moved all men who had completed military service, over 30 regardless of literacy
54
How. much of the Italian population were illiterate after 1912 franchise extension?
over 70%
55
What were the results of the election post-extended franchise?
1913 elections = failure for Giolitti, Lib deputies won 318 seats ( loss of 71 seats-from the 1909 elections), all other parties made gains
56
What was the Gentiloni Pact?
Pact between Count Gentiloni of the Catholic Church boasted that 228 liberal deputies of the 318 elected, libs agreed to seven point plan in return for a vote
57
When did Giolitti resign and why?
1914, due to a loss of support from the anticlerical liberals and socialists
58
Who was Giolitti replaced by?
Antonio Salandra -> believed he could revive liberalism by more closely linking it to nationalism
59
What took place in June 1914?
PSI proclaimed a national strike after three protestors were shot dead
-> anarchists, republicans and radicals joined in for a week of protest in central/northern Italy
->buildings torched, tax registers destroyed and railway stations seized
60
How did 'Red Week' come to an end?
Ended after trade unions decided to call off the strike
61
Why did Italy not have to side with Germany in WW1?
Austria had not consulted with Italy prior to invading Serbia, in August 1914 (Triple Alliance 1882), many felt that Italy was not ready/able to enter the war due to its economic weakness, nationalists/nationalist press argued for Italian intervention
62
What was the general consensus regarding Italy's entrance into the First World War?
PM Antonio Salandra felt that Italy should join the war, fearing the Triple Alliance would not be sympathetic to an ally that hadn't fought for them - at the start of 1915, Salandra and his foreign minister, Sidney Sonnino, began secret negotiations with the British and Frech governments as well as Austria and Germany
63
Who offered Italy a better WW1 deal?
The Entente, offered irredente lands to Italy (South Tyrol, Trentino, Istria, Trieste, and much of Dalmatia)
64
When did Italy sign the Treaty of London?
26th April 1915, pledged to support Britain, France and Russia
65
What did a 1915 survey demonstrate?
a survey from local prefects (taken in April 1915) demonstrated that public opinion was largely against intervention into WW1 (Pope and the PSI also disagreed with intervention)
66
When did the intervention crisis worsen?
Early May 1915, when Giolitti denounced the Treaty of London and 300 deputies announced their opposition to Salandra's decision, Mussolini was expelled from the social party for arguing for intervention, Salandra resigned over the various oppositions and asked Giolitti to form a new gov
67
When was Salandra reinstated as PM?
16th May 1915 and on 20th May was granted emergency powers
68
When did Italy formally declare war on Austria?
25th May 1915- PSI vehemently opposed this, only far left power not to support their country's entrance into the conflict in Europe
69
What 'myth' surrounded Italy's entrance into ww1?
Gov had been forced into ww1 by the 'interventionists' -> played strong role in Mussolini's campaign
70
What type of terrain was Italy fighting on in WW1?
Mountainous areas, static trench warfare, ice and snow and difficult alpine terrain, thousands of Italian soldiers were killed by cholera and frostbite
71
How many Italians died in the first four attempted offensives against the Austrians?
1915 -> 62,000
72
How many Italian men were conscripted/problems?
Five million men
->majority of them being peasants and southern agricultural workers -> ideals of the war meant very little to them
73
Language problems with conscripts?
all spoke varying dialogues meant there was very limited communication between the troops
74
How were the Italian conscripts treated?
Rations low and commanders harsh -> Luigi Cadorna resorted to harsh violence
75
How many men were court martially for desertion?
290,000
76
How many death sentences were passed by tribunal?
4,000
77
how many calories a day were Italian soldiers fed?
3,000
78
How many Italian men were captured and died of starvation?
600,000 Italian men captured, given 1,000 calories a day - 100,000 died of hunger-related illnesses ( 5 times that of France or Britain)
79
Which Austrian attack had a large impact on the soldiers and morale?
Strafexpedition, launched in 1916, in the Trentine Salient
80
Who was Salandra replaced by?
Salandra criticised and forced to resign - replaced by 78 year old Paolo Boselli (following Strafexpedition)
81
When was the Battle of Caporetto?
24th October 1917
82
What made the BoC Italy's most embarrassing defeat?
->poor leadership and low morale meant the Italian army dissolved
->Italian troops looted and exhibited violence believing that the war was over
83
How many soldiers lost contact with regiment? Killed? Wounded? Taken prisoner? Vanished?
con200,000
kil10,000
wou30,000
pri300,000
van400,000
84
Who became the new PM after Caporetto?
Vittoria Orlando
85
Who replaced Cadorna after Caporetto?
Cadorna was replaced by General Diaz Diaz was more cautious and casualty rates fell from 520,000 to 143,000
86
How did Diaz look to boost the morale of the Italian army after Caporetto?
-Rations increased
-Annual leave increased
-Lectures/trench newspapers
-Organisation set up to look after the welfare of the soldiers and their families
87
What were the peasant conscripts promised after Caporetto?
A land reform -> December 1917
88
What did the casualty rate fall to under Diaz?
520,000 - 1917
143,000 - 1918
89
Italy's economic performance compared to Austria?
-less than 1mil tonnes of steel compared to 2.6 mil for Austria
-Italy's 2 machine guns per battalion, Austria had 12
90
Fiat's economic statistics during the war?
-Fiat= leading car manufacturer, produced 25,000 cars in 1918
-Fiat workforce went from 6,000 to 30,000
91
Munitions statistics for Italy during ww1?
-6,500 planes in 1918
-By end of war 20,000 machine guns produced and 7,000 pieces of heavy artillery
-1/4 munitions workers were women and 1/3 of 900,000 workers in war were men exempt from military service
92
What was Italy's debt and national debt post ww1?
-23 billlion lire in debt, before = 2.9 billion
-National debt 84.9 billion, 15 billion owed to UK and 8.5 bil to USA
93
what ddi the Northern economy grow by during ww1?
20%
94
What ddi real wages fall by during ww1?
25%
95
Why were workers killed in Turin in 1917?
50 killed -> protesting rationing
96
When did Italian forces launch their attack across Piave?
24th October 1918, entered town of Vittorio Veneto and split the Austrian army into two
97
When did Austria sign the armistice?
4th November 1918
98
How did Mussolini interpret the victory?
He used it in his campaign, demonstrated the glory of Italy's military
99
Why was the war a 'mutilated victory'?
-650,000 casualties
-Economy even more greatly distorted in North and South
-Suffered from debt and inflation
-Legacy of the war would divide Italy
