UNIT 1 - Workbook

Question 1

Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity

Answer 1

in 1896

Question 2

Albert Einstein formulated e=mc2

Answer 2

1905

Question 3

Nuclear Fission was discovered

Answer 3

1938

Question 4

Bohr and wheeler published their paper on the fission process in

Answer 4

1939

Question 5

First fission reactor started in the us

Answer 5

1942

Question 6

Hahn and strassman demonstrated a chain reaction

Answer 6

1938

Question 7

Francis Perrin disocver the uranium critical mass?

Answer 7

1939

Question 8

USA produced sufficient plutonoum and u235 for nuclear bombs in what year?

Answer 8

1945

Question 9

Natural uranium ore contains only 0.7% of uranium 235. What process was developed that would increase the percentage of the uranium 235 isotope?

Answer 9

Enrichment

Question 10

Hiroshima Bomb
Nickname
Fuel and
design?

Answer 10

Little boy
Uranium fuelled
Gun-type design

Question 11

Nagasaki Bomb
Nickname
Fuel
Design

Answer 11

Fatman
Plutonium implosion bomb
Implosion assembly method

Question 12

Why were moderators developed?

Answer 12

They work to slow down the fast neutrons (produced by splitting atoms in fissile compounds like uranium-235), to make them more effective in the fission chain reaction

Question 13

ootto han and lise meitner demonstrated that neatrons released during nulcear fissiion proceess could go on to cause fission of other nuclei providing.a self sustaining chain reaction and large amount of energy

Answer 13

1939

Question 14

Manhattan project?

Answer 14

First nuclear bombs used in warfare

Question 15

first uk atomic bomb called hurricane donated in australia when

Answer 15

1952

Question 16

Timeline for the windscale piles
1950
1957
1993
2019

( their primary purpose was to produce plutonium for uk nuclear weapons)

Answer 16

1950 Intial Operation
1957 Accident leading to shutdown / defuelling and decontam between 1957 and 1962
decomissioning begins
2019 decomiss of pile 1 towet

Question 17

Give four reasons why, from 1949, the UK decided to build reactors that could
also generate electricity

Answer 17

Over time it would become cheaper than other options except for hydroelectric power

Use of a devastating technology for good

it was perceived as kinder to the environment than coal and oil fired power stations

There were concerns over security of power supply and limited oil reserves

Question 18

Which power station was the first in the UK to be designed to also produce
electricity? Give four facts about this power station.

Answer 18

Calder Hall
Opened in 1956
in 1997, 26% of the nation’s electricity was generated from nuclear power.
First of 10 nuclear powerstations built in UK
The plant produced plutonium for the British nuclear weapons programme.

Question 19

Name three reactor types built in the UK.

Answer 19

PWR (pressurised water reactor)

AGR (Gas-cooled reactors)

Magnox Reactor

Question 20

Other than energy production name three areas that the UK nuclear programme
has moved in to and give a brief summary of each.

Answer 20

Research and development.
Research reactors are an important part of. the nuclear industry that are not used as a power source. They’re used for traning and analysis. Much smaller than power reactors and often on university campuses. Still under inspwctions

Defence
The Atomic Weampons Establishment AWE provides and maintains warheads for the UK defence nuclear programme. AWE has advanced reached, design and production facilityes. They have nuclear deterrent trident warheads which are submaroin launched. Awe covers the entire life cycle of nuclear warheads.

Medicine
Radioactivity. is used in medicine for radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging. It can be used to treat conditions such as cancer by destroyign certin cells. At present most isotopes used in mediicne are produced using cycltrons. Technetoum99 can only be created using a reacror and is used in 80% of procedures

Question 21

Complete the percentages of each component in spent fuel from Magnox, AGR and
PWR reactors.

Answer 21

96% uranium

1% plutonium

3% waste products

Question 22

Why is reprocessing stopping in the UK?

Answer 22

• no longer make econmic sense
• in the 1980 they were legally obliged to reprocess spent fuel
• operators can store their spent fuel, no customer demand

Question 23

Decommissioning in the UK is overseen by …….. and the

decommissioning work is undertaken by ……

Answer 23

The NDA Nuclear Decomissiong autheourty

site license company

Question 24

What is a GDF and why will one not be built in the UK for at least 15 years?

Answer 24

A geological disposal facility consultation and design is taking up to 20 years and construction of the gdf will be around 100 years

Question 25

Name eight nuclear sites in the UK and give their primary purpose and operational status

Answer 25

Hinkley point B, energy production, operational Dungness B, energy production, operational Sizewell B, energy production, operational Dounreay, research, decomissioning Heysham 1 & 2, energy production, oprational Sellafield, reprocessing, pltonium production, energy production, storage, decomissioning hartlepool, energy product, operational LLW, waste, operational

Question 26

Name 5 other countries in the world that have nuclear reactors.

Answer 26

``` Us Canada Japan France Russia South Korea ```

Question 27

The UKAEA was established inw hich year?

Answer 27

1954

Question 28

Wjat was the primary reason for the build of windscale piles

Answer 28

Production of plutonium for nuclear weapon

Question 29

Name three Acts of Parliament that apply to the nuclear industry and state two facts about each.

Answer 29

Health ad safety at work act 1974 covers occupational health and safety HSE is respsoonsible for enforicng the act nuclear installations act 1965 licensing and inspection for nuclear sites. no site may be used to install or opeoration nuclear installation without a license granted by HSE the energy act 2013.Act focuses on setting decarbonisation targets for the UK, and reforming the electricity market. radioactive substances act 1993

Question 30

IN THE UK, LEGISLATION structure is hierachal. what ordeR?

Answer 30

act of parliment regulations approved codes of practice standards and industry codes of practices guidance international commission on radiation protection

Question 31

Name three Regulations that apply to the nuclear industry and state two facts about each.

Answer 31

Control of majour accidents hazards regs 2015 prevennt majour accidents involving dangerous substances. enforced by ONR Radiation emergency prepardness and public information regulations REPPIR framework for controllinng exposure to intervention personnell durign radiation emergencg. Ionising radiation regulation IRRI7 These regs cover the general radiaiton protection for both works and public work they place duty on nuclear site to keep exposure to ioninnsing radiaiton aLARP

Question 32

Are Approved Codes of Practice (ACoP) and Standards and Industry Codes of Practice legally binding?

Answer 32

No

Question 33

How many Nuclear Site Licence Conditions are there?

Answer 33

36

Question 34

Four examples of who neeeds a site license

Answer 34

Manufacturing or storagee Nnuclear assembly Extractionn Productuon of isotopes

Question 35

ONR?

Answer 35

Office of nuclear regulation Established as the public sector body in 2014 under the enrgy act regulates nuc safety at all nuce sites across GB

Question 36

If you want to view the ONR Site Licence Conditions Handbook how would you source this?

Answer 36

ONR slc handbook online

Question 37

When ownership of a nuclear site changes is the Site Licence transferred to the new owners?

Answer 37

not be transferred, even if ownership changes

Question 38

What do the two schedules of a Site Licence contain?

Answer 38

one, specific to each site and specifies site location | two, common to all nuclear sites

Question 39

What could be the consequences of non-compliance with the Site Licence?

Answer 39

Improvement notice, ISSUED BY ONR AND REQUIRES THE LICENSEE to remedty the contrav entiono prohibition notice, stop the activity imedately, persecution, can face legal costs due to activity a

Question 40

What are the four main areas of regulation specific to the UK nuclear industry?

Answer 40

Nuclear Safety, Nuclear security Envinronment transport

Question 41

Who are the key regulators in the UK?

Answer 41

ONR office of nuclear reg the nevinronment agencies (THE EA) Defence nuclear safety regulator (DNSR

Question 42

Who regulates the transport of nuclear materials in the UK?

Answer 42

ONR