Unit 10 Biology

Question 1

Nucleotide

Answer 1

The subunits that make up DNA

Question 2

The three parts that make a nucleotide

Answer 2

Phosphate group, Five-carbon sugar, and Nitrogen-containing bases

Question 3

Where are Five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate group founded?

Answer 3

These two are found in all nucleotides - make the backbone of the double helix

Question 4

What are the nitrogen-containing base?

Answer 4

(4 types)
*Adenine and Guanine (A and G)
*Thymine and Cytosine (T and C)

Question 5

The purines are

Answer 5

Adenine and Guanine

Question 6

The pyrimidines are

Answer 6

Thymine and Cytosine

Question 7

The structure of a DNA molecule

Answer 7

*Double helix-like a ladder
*Sugar and phosphate make the back bone
*Base make the rungs

Question 8

What did Chargraff show?

Answer 8

Showed that amount of A=T and C=G

Question 9

What did Wilkins and Franklin do?

Answer 9

*Used X-Ray diffraction photographs to show DNA
*Showed tightly composed of two chains of nucleotides

Question 10

What did Watson and Crick do?

Answer 10

Built a model of DNA which showed the helix shape

Question 11

What are the base pairing rules?

Answer 11

*Adenine always pairs with Thymine (A=T or T=A)
*Cytosine always pairs with Guanine (C=G or G=C)

Question 12

The sequence of bases on one strand determines the?

Answer 12

The sequence of bases on the other strand

Question 13

The process of DNA replication (3 steps)

Answer 13

1. Two original strands of DNA separate
2. DNA polymerases add complementary nucleotides to each strand
3. Two DNA molecules form that are identical to the original DNA molecules

Question 14

What happens when two original strands of DNA separate?

Answer 14

*DNA helicases break the H bonds (Hydrogen bonds)
*The separated strands are called replication forks

Question 15

DNA polymerases add complementary nucleotides to each strands using?

Answer 15

*the use of base pairing rules

Question 16

How errors are corrected during DNA replication?

Answer 16

The DNA polymerases have a proofreading role

Question 17

The proofreading role description (process)

Answer 17

*The bases have to be correctly paired for the polymerase to move to the next base.
*It can backtrack if it is wrong
*Removes the incorrect nucleotide and replaces it with the correct one
*Reduces error to 1 in 1 billion

Question 18

Replication fork

Answer 18

*A separated strand of DNA
*Replication doesn’t begin at one end of a DNA

Question 19

The number of replication forks in prokaryotic cells

Answer 19

*It has a circular strand of DNA
*2 sets of replication

Question 20

The number of replication forks in eukaryotic cells

Answer 20

*Each chromosome has 1 long strand of DNA
*multiple replication forks working together

Question 21

What is RNA

Answer 21

*Single strand
*It contains instructions for making a protein

Question 22

The bases of RNA

Answer 22

The bases are Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil

Question 23

The five-carbon sugar in RNA is called

Answer 23

It’s called ribose which has 1 more oxygen

Question 24

What is DNA

Answer 24

Double strand

Question 25

The five-carbon sugar in DNA is called

Answer 25

The sugar is called deoxyribose

Question 26

The three types of RNA

Answer 26

*Messenger RNA (mRNA), *Transfer RNA (tRNA) *Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 27

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 27

*writes the instructions from DNA --Takes them to the ribosome

Question 28

Where does mRNA happens (occurs at)

Answer 28

Occurs in the nucleus

Question 29

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer 29

Reads the codons on the mRNA

Question 30

Where is rRNA located

Answer 30

Located at the ribosome

Question 31

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer 31

Transfers the amino acids using anticodons

Question 32

The process of transcription (4 steps)

Answer 32

1. RNA polymerase binds to the gene's promoter 2. The two DNA strands unwind and separate 3. Complementary RNA nucleotides are added, which eventually reaches a stop codon. After the DNA closes back 4. mRNA leaves the nucleus, headed to the ribosome

Question 33

Transcription

Answer 33

*RNA polymerase is used *RNA nucleotides are linked *RNA molecule is made *Only one part of one strand is used as a template

Question 34

Replication

Answer 34

*DNA polymerase is used *DNA nucleotides are linked *DNA molecule is made *Both DNA strands are used as templates

Question 35

Now that the instructions are scripted from DNA in the nucleus, _____

Answer 35

they have to be translated

Question 36

Translation

Answer 36

Process by which an mRNA strand leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribosome to provide instructions to the production of a protein

Question 37

Codons

Answer 37

instructions on the mRNA are written as a series of three-nucleotide sequences on RNA

Question 38

What does each codon correspond to

Answer 38

Each codon corresponds to an amino acid or the start or stop signal for translation

Question 39

Genetic code

Answer 39

*the amino acids, start or stop signal that each codon represents --All things contain DNA - the codon code is universal --With few exceptions, it is the same in all organisms --Called "nearly universal"

Question 40

Anticodon

Answer 40

*The complementary 3 bases to the mRNA codon --They are carried by tRNA

Question 41

The process of translation (7 steps)

Answer 41

1. Begins when mRNA reaches the ribosome, which uses a start codon to begin 2. tRNA uses anticodons to know which amino acid to bring 3. Peptide bonds attach the amino acid's together 4. tRNA detaches and leaves behind the amino acid 5. tRNA brings another amino acid and attaches it 6. It leaves the amino acid 7. Steps 2-6 are repeated until it reaches a stop codon