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Biology 3 > Unit 10: Digestion and Absorption > Flashcards

Unit 10: Digestion and Absorption Flashcards

1
Q

What is ingestion?

A

This is the mechanical breakdown of food and is the first stage of food processing

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2
Q

What is digestion?

A

This is the process where molecules are broken down into small particles which are absorbed into cells

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3
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

These are large molecules such as fats, proteins and carbohydrates

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4
Q

Why can macromolecules be used by animals?

A

They are too large to pass into cells
The macromolecules are not identical to the food consumed

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5
Q

What does the process of digestion do to macromolecules?

A

Splits them into their component monomers

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6
Q

What molecules are needed for plants to survive?

A

Carbon dioxide
Water
Other inorganic molecules

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7
Q

What are the inorganic compounds absorbed through the soil called?

A

Mineral salts

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8
Q

What can affect the availability of the salts in the soil?

A

pH

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9
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

These are nutrients needed in large quantities for the plant to survive

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10
Q

Can macronutrients be recycled?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What happens if macronutrients cannot be recycled?

A

Fertilizers are required to maintain the macronutrients in the soil

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12
Q

Why is nitrogen integral to plants?

A

They are macronutrients and a component of all proteins

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13
Q

Why can nitrogen not diffuse through the leaves of a plant?

A

The molecule is too large

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14
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

This is the process of converting nitrogen to soluble compounds in the soil

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15
Q

What can perform nitrogen fixation?

A

Bacteria
Cyanobacteria
Some fungi that has a symbiotic relationship with the plant roots

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16
Q

What is a symbiotic relationship?

A

Two separate organisms supply the other with a vital service and vice versa

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17
Q

How can carnivorous plants obtain nitrogen?

A

By digesting animals

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18
Q

How do plants absorb mineral salts?

A

Through the water in between the soil

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19
Q

How is the surface area to volume ratio increased on the roots?

A

By fine root hairs

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20
Q

How does water enter the roots of the plant?

A

Osmosis

21
Q

Why is active transport required to bring salts into the root?

A

Because there is a higher concentration of salts inside the root than outside the root

22
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

It is an organism that can create its own organic molecules

23
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

This is the process of breaking down complex molecules into simple molecules via enzymes

24
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

This process adds a water molecule to a food molecule

25
Q

What are the three types of digestive enzymes?

A

Amylases (carbohydrates)
Proteases (proteins)
Lipases (lipids)

26
Q

What is extracellular digestion?

A

This is where cells release enzymes into the small intestine

27
Q

What is intracellular digestion?

A

This is where a cell engulfs a food particle

28
Q

What is the mechanical breakdown of food?

A

This is the physical chewing and swallowing

29
Q

Why is the mechanical breakdown of food important?

A

Increases surface area to volume ratio so that enzymes can act at a faster rate

30
Q

What is the first stage of digestion?

A

Food enters the mouth

31
Q

What happens once food particles are in the mouth?

A

Amylase begins to work on the food

32
Q

What pH environment is created in the mouth?

A

Basic environment
pH 6-8

33
Q

Why is saliva important?

A

Mixes with the food and protects the oesophagus from damage

34
Q

What is a bolus?

A

Food ball

35
Q

What are the reflexes that occur when a bolus is swallowed?

A
  1. The bolus touches the pharynx (back of the tongue)
  2. The upper and lower oesophageal sphincter open
  3. The soft palate and epiglottis stop food from entering the respiratory tract
  4. Breathing is stopped as the bolus is swallowed
36
Q

Where does the bolus travel after it exits the mouth?

A

Down the oesophagus

37
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

This is the squeezing of muscles to move particles along it

38
Q

What other product does the oesophagus produce?

A

Mucus

39
Q

Does the oesophagus produce enzymes?

A

No

40
Q

Why does the lower oesophageal sphincter close?

A

Stops food from returning to the mouth

41
Q

Where does the bolus go after it passes through the oesophagus?

A

Stomach

42
Q

What process occurs in the stomach?

A

Enzymes break the food particles into chyme

43
Q

What do glands in the stomach excrete to break down food?

A

Hydrochloric acid
Pepsinogen
Gastric lipase

44
Q

Where does the food travel after it exits the stomach?

A

Small intestine

45
Q

What are the villi?

A

These are small, finger-like tubes which line the walls of the small intestine and increase the amount of nutrients able to be absorbed

46
Q

What features of the villi help it to absorb nutrients?

A

The lining is thin - Allowing for faster absorption
Well supplied with blood - transfer nutrients out quickly

47
Q

What is the first section of the small intestine called?

A

Duodenum

48
Q

What does the duodenum release?

A

It releases pancreatic enzymes and bile

Biology 3 (6 decks)

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