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Chemistry-100 > Unit (10) Molecules of Life: Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Unit (10) Molecules of Life: Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

A molecule that is non-superimposable on its mirror-image is said to be ….

A

Chiral, from the Greek word meaning “hand”

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2
Q

Two stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of one another are called a pair of…

A

Enantiomers, opposite + part

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3
Q

Any organic molecule that contains carbon with four different atoms or groups attached is a…

A

Chiral Molecule and the carbon is said to be a chiral carbon

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4
Q

What is the most abundant organic compound in nature?

A

Carbohydrates, also called saccharides

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5
Q

What three elements make up carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and oxygen

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6
Q

What are the four classifications for carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, and Polysaccharides

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7
Q

What type of carbohydrate cannot be broken down into smaller carbohydrate units?

A

Monosaccharides

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8
Q

Which carbohydrates contain two monosaccharides?

A

Disaccharides

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9
Q

Which carbohydrates contain three to ten monosaccharides?

A

Oligosaccharides

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10
Q

Which carbohydrates contain more than ten monosaccharides?

A

Polysaccharides

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11
Q

Which carbohydrates are the fundamental building blocks of all carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

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12
Q

What are the functional groups for a Monosaccharide?

A

Either an aldehyde or a ketone

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13
Q

If a Monosaccaharide contains an aldehyde what is it classified as?

A

An Aldose

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14
Q

If a Monosaccaharide contains a ketone what is it classified as?

A

A ketose

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15
Q

What is the name of a three carbon monosaccharide?

A

A triose

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16
Q

What is the name of four carbon monosaccharide?

A

A tetrose

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17
Q

What is the name for a four carbon monosaccharide with a ketone group called?

A

Ketotetrose

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18
Q

What is the name fro a five-carbon monosaccharide with an aldehyde group called?

A

A aldopentose

19
Q

What is the name of the smallest monosaccharide containing a chiral carbon?

A

Glyceraldehyde

20
Q

What is the most common monosaccharide in the biological system?

A

D-Glucose

21
Q

What are the most common disaccharides?

A

Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose

22
Q

What is the name of the carbon “oxygen bridge”/ bond that joins disaccahrides?

A

Glycosidic bonds

23
Q

What is the most abundant disaccharide in the biological world?

A

Sucrose

24
Q

Sucrose contains an…

A

a-D-glucose unit and a B-D fructose unit joined by a a,B (1-2) glycosidic linkage

25
Q

Is sucrose a reducing sugar?

A

No, it is a non-reducing sugar because the glycosidic bond invloves both anomeric carbons; therefore there is no free aldehyde group

26
Q

Lactose is made up of…

A

B-D galactose unit and a D-glucose unit joined by a B(1-4) glycosidic linkage

27
Q

Maltose is made up of…

A

two D-glucose units. The glycosidic linkage between two glucose units is a (1-4)

28
Q

Maltose is made up of ….

A

Teo D-glucose units. The glycosidic linkage between two glucose units is a (1-4) linkage

29
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A very large molecule composed of many small, repeating structural units that are identical.

30
Q

The repeating structural units of a polymer are called?

A

Monomers

31
Q

What do polysaccharides consist of?

A

A large number of bound monosaccharide units

32
Q

What are the three very important polysaccharides?

A

Starch, Glycogen, and Cellulose

33
Q

Starch, Glycogen, and Cellulose contain only glucoseunits and are differentiated by what?

A

The type of glycosidic bonds and the degree of branching in the molecule

34
Q

What is the primary storage polysaccharide in plants?

A

Starch

35
Q

What are the two most common forms of starch?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

36
Q

Amylose molecules are continuous chains of what?

A

D-glucose units joined by a-1-4 glycosidic linkage.

THERE ARE NO BRANCH POINTS

37
Q

What is Amylopectin?

A

A branched chain polysaccharide much large than amylose

38
Q

Amylopectin molecules consist of what?

A

several thousand a-D-glucose units jooined by a-1-4-glycosidic linkage.

39
Q

What is the major storage molecule in animals?

A

Glycogen

40
Q

Glycogen is structurally similar to amylopectin except for what?

A

Glycogen is more highly branched than amylopectin

41
Q

What is the most abundant organic molecule found in nature?

A

Cellulose

42
Q

Structurally, what does cellulose consist of?

A

long, unbranched, D-glucose polymer in which the glucose units are linked by B(1-4) glycosidic bonds

43
Q

Cellulose in a human diet is referred to as what?

A

Fiber, it cannot be digested

Chemistry-100 (6 decks)

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