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geography unit 1.1 physical and human landscapes > unit 1.1 > Flashcards

unit 1.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what makes landscapes distinctive ?

A

glaciation - the time during the last ice age when huge glaciers carved up the land
relief - the shape of the land
upland - an area of high or mountainous land above 600 meters
lowland - areas of low lying flat country below 200m

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2
Q

glacial landscape definitions
Bedrock

A

the solid rock that lies beneath the soil

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3
Q

scree

A

Fragments of rock found on the sides and at the bottom of hills and mountains

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4
Q

ice sheet

A

A large mass of glacial ice which covers more than 50,000 square kilometres

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5
Q

erosion

A

the wearing away and removal of material by a moving force

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6
Q

tundra

A

a vast, flat, treeless biome found in the arctic regions of Asia, Europe and North America where the subsoil is permanently frozen

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7
Q

melt water

A

water released by the melting of ice or snow

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8
Q

weathering

A

the breaking up of rocks by natural forces, without major movement

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9
Q

what is a hanging valley

A

a high level tributary valley from which there is a sharp fall to the level of the lower main valley

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10
Q

What is a pyramidal peak?

A

these are made when three corries from around a mountain. They cut backwards to leave a pyramidal peak in the middle

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11
Q

what is a Arete

A

If 2 corries form next to each other they will leave a sharp ridge between them

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12
Q

what is a u shaped valley glacial trough

A

steep valley sides, some material has slumped down to make the sides a bit gentler over the years

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13
Q

what is a truncated spur

A

when the glacier erodes the old river valley, it cuts off the interlocking spurs, this leaves truncated spurs

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14
Q

what is a traditional industry

A

types of jobs that were first in an area

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15
Q

rural

A

countryside

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16
Q

urban

A

city

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17
Q

economy

A

money/wealth of an area

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18
Q

diversity

A

changing the way in which businesses work to open up more options

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19
Q

what are the traditional industries

A

sheep farming - thin and poor quality soil so no good for growing crops, sheep are able to roam and graze freely
quarrying - slate quarries in Llanberis, Bethesda, Blaenau ffestiniog employed 1000s
forestry - some land was used to grow trees for timber

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20
Q

what is a honeypot site?

A

place of attractive scenery or special interest which attracts a large number of visitors

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21
Q

carrying capacity definition

A

the ability of a landscape or an eco system to absorb the activity of people without any losing damage some eco systems have a larger carrying capacity than others

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22
Q

what are the 3 main processes a river goes through

A

erosion ( wearing away)
transportation (moving)
deposition (dropping)

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23
Q

what is abrasion

A

wearing away

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24
Q

what is attrition

A

smashing together

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25
what is hydraulic action
force of the water
26
what is corrosion
dissolved by weak acids
27
what is saltation
small particles bounce away
28
what is traction
boulders roll along
29
what is suspension
fine particles float away
30
what is solution
minerals dissolve in the water
31
what is vertical erosion
cutting down
32
what is lateral erosion
the widening of a valley
33
alluvium deposition
mud
34
definition for mouth
where a river meets the sea
35
definition for source
where a river begins
36
definition for watershed
the are of a high land forming the edge of a river basin
37
definition channel
this is where the river flows
38
definition for confluence
the point at which 2 rivers meet
39
definition for drainage basin
this a area of land that is drained by a river and its tributaries
40
The key processes that forms V shaped valley 
Vertical erosion by hydraulic action and abrasion
41
What’s the first thing that happens in the formation of a V-shaped valley
The river roads downwards as boulders stones and rocks particles are bounced and scraped along the channel bed 
42
How does weathering affect the formation of V-shaped Valley
As the river cut down, the steep sides are attached by weathering, this breaks up and loosens the soil and rock
43
How does slope transport affect the formation of a V-shaped valley
The loosen materials slowly creeps down slope because of gravity or is washed into the river by rainwater the . river carries it away
44
the key features of the formation of the V-shaped valley
Waterfalls, rapids and whirlpools caused by sudden drops in height, and a large boulders that interrupt flow
45
The definition of velocity
Speed of flow
46
What is lateral erosion?
Erosion width way/sideway erosion
47
What is friction?
Force that slows down movement, example brakes
48
What does a meander look like at the start?
It is a meander neck inside of the bend with slip off slope outside of bend with Rivercliff, slowest Current on the inside of the bend
49
What’s the second step of when meanders are formed
The neck gets narrower, and the meander loop bends increasingly
50
What is the final step when meanders are formed
It becomes an oxbow lake, so there is a meander core, the river cuts through the neck of land during a time of flood
51
When does erosion happen in a river?
Erosion happens on the outside bend of a river because there is a faster velocity of water
52
What does friction do in a river? 
Friction is on the inside bend, and it increases deposition because all the rock smashes together which causes a lot of deposition to build up, making the river to cut off and turn into oxbow lake
53
One or more strategies for managing landscapes in Wales
Strategy to manage landscapes in Wales are more designated paths because it gives people access to more places and stops footpath erosion but it can be very expensive to maintain and doesn’t always last. In another way to manage landscape. You could add more litter recycling bins. This would help with general cleanliness and it avoids busy rubbish. Nevertheless, a lot of the time it gets too full and isn’t empty frequently and it would also be quite expensive to add bins everywhere
54
Definition of channel storage
This occurs when the water enters the river and stay there until it reaches the sea
55
What is transpiration?
A process where water is lost for a plant through the stomata in its leaves into into the atmosphere
56
What is surface water?
If the ground is hard, then the rain lies on the surface and puddles until it soaks into the ground
57
What is precipitation?
The main input and it varies every time and space
58
What is interception storage?
This occurs when the rain falls on the trees or grass, and is stored until it evaporates or flows downwards
59
What is stem flow?
This is when water flows down, vegetation, example a tree trunk
60
What is evaporation?
A process where water is lost from the land and river into the atmosphere
61
What is soil water?
This occurs when the water infiltrates downwards into the soil
62
What is river run-off?
When the water flows into the sea
63
What is Channel flow?
This occurs when water from the adjacent land flows into a river
64
What is through flow?
This occurs when water flows sideways through the soil
65
What is Overland flow?
While water flows on the ground into the river
66
What is percolation?
The constant movement down through the soil and rock
67
What is infiltration?
Is where water passes into soil
68
What is groundwater flow?
This occurs in the zone of saturated rock and is a lateral movement
69
What does saturated cause?
Causes flooding
70
Factors that affect flooding
Precipitation, snowfall, steep sides reduce the amount of infiltration of water into the ground and causes more overland flow. Gentle slopes or flatland, allows water to infiltrate into the soil and increase lag times
71
The difference between steep relief and gentle relief
Steep relief, limited infiltration more over land flow Gentle relief, more infiltration, and standing water, less overland flow
72
What are things that make a honeypot site
National park Attractive scenery and outdoor activities Close to major cities Personal mobility increased Near to seaside resorts People have more spare time due to shorter working weeks and early retirement
73
How to manage footpath erosion
Footpaths mended by planting new grass or making a new footpath out of quarried stone, lowering speed limits
74
What does a global city consist of
Multi cultural and migration Government and politics Ideas and information Transport hubs Finance and trade E.g London Buckingham palace
75
Who is vulnerable to the impacts of tectonic events
Women, especially pregnant women People with disabilities Minority groups People living in informal housing because of pyroclastic flows through the housing Young children and orphans People who live next to dangerous locations like next door over Homeless people
76
Who is vulnerable to the impacts of tectonic events
Women, especially pregnant women People with disabilities Minority groups People living in informal housing because of pyroclastic flows through the housing Young children and orphans People who live next to dangerous locations like next door over Homeless people
77
How come we reduce vulnerability to tectonic events?
Reduce the impact of the hazard this can be achieved by monitoring and predicting the hazards Build capacity to cope with the hazard, so educate people and emergency services on what to do Tackle the causes of vulnerability like poverty and inequality, so everyone has the same level of protection
78
How can you divert lava flows?
Spray love with water to cool and solidify it Create earth in bank comments to channel the direction Dropping concrete blocks by helicopter Blowing up lava tubes to widen them and spread out the flow so it’s solidifys quicker

geography unit 1.1 physical and human landscapes (1 decks)

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