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AP Biology > Unit 11 > Flashcards

Unit 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Untwists the double helix at the replication fork & separates the 2 parent strands into templates

A

Helicase

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2
Q

Corrects “overwinding” ahead of replication fork by breaking, swiveling, & rejoining DNA strands

A

Topoisomerase

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3
Q

Puts the fragments together on the lagging strand (link, glue)

A

DNA Ligase

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4
Q

Enzyme that looks for mistakes, cuts them out, and repairs them before they mutate

A

Nuclease

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5
Q

Messenger

A

RNA primer

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6
Q

Enzyme that helps the initial nucleotide primer strand of RNA

A

RNA primase

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7
Q

Starts RNA chain from scratch / we need it b/c DNA can’t start its process

A

RNA primase

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8
Q

Binds to & stabilizes single stranded DNA until it can be used as a template

A

Single strand binding protein

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9
Q

Where is this the double helix credited from?

A

Watson & Crick

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10
Q

What are the back bone ladders of the double helix made of?

A

repeating phosphate sugars

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11
Q

What are the 4 nitrogen bases?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine

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12
Q

What is equivalent to one unit?

A

1 phosphate group, 1 nitrogen base, 1 sugar

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13
Q

Between nitrogen bases, how is DNA held together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

What are hydrogen bonds the most practical bonds for this?

A

Stable enough to hold together DNA, weak enough to split apart, replicate, then come back together

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15
Q

how many bonds to G & C have?

A

3

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16
Q

How many bonds do A & T have?

A

2

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17
Q

What type of bond holds together the back bone?

A

Covalent (strong)

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18
Q

How many molecules are purines?

A

2

19
Q

How many molecules are pyrimidines?

A

1

20
Q

Which nitrogen bases are purines?

A

A & G

21
Q

Which nitrogen bases are pyrimidines?

A

T & C

22
Q

How many daughter strands are made from the parent during DNA replication, and why is that?

A

2 daughter strands, and the base pairing rule

23
Q

Enzyme that adds new nucleotides

A

Polymerase

24
Q

Catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at replication

A

Polymerase

25
Q

Requires primer + DNA template strand

A

Ploymerase

26
Q

Adds nucleotides to the 3 prime end of the new strands

A

Polymerase

27
Q

Analyzed the chemical compound of nitrogen bases

A

Chargaff

28
Q

What is the purpose of DNA replication?

A

To ensure continuity of heredity

29
Q

DNA molecule containing one original strand & a newly synthesized strand

A

Semi-conservative

30
Q

Phosphate terminus

A

5’ end

31
Q

Hydroxyl terminus

A

3’ end

32
Q

How do the two strands run?

A

Anti-parallel

33
Q

The one strand that is always made continuously

A

Leading strand

34
Q

The one strand that is made discontinuously

A

Lagging strand

35
Q

Location where 2 strands are separated

A

Replication fork

36
Q

What phase does DNA replication occur in?

A

S phase

37
Q

When the original double helix does not change at all, and it it an exact replica

A

Conservative

38
Q

Every daughter strand contains some parental DNA, but it is dispersed in bubbles of DNA

A

Dispersive

39
Q

The signal where replication should originate

A

Primer site

40
Q

The lagging strand consists of tiny pieces called…

A

Okazaki fragments

41
Q

What proofreads the newly added bases?

A

DNA polymerase

42
Q

What are the two types of repairs polymerase does?

A

Mismatch & excision

43
Q

Influences replication process

A

Directionality

AP Biology (2 decks)

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