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biology unit 1 > UNIT: 1.1 CHEMICAL ELEMENTS JOINED TOGETHER TO FORM COMPOUNDS > Flashcards

UNIT: 1.1 CHEMICAL ELEMENTS JOINED TOGETHER TO FORM COMPOUNDS Flashcards

1
Q

The function of Mg2+

A

component of chlorophyll and essential for photosynthesis

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2
Q

The function of fe2+

A

component of haemoglobin which transports oxygen in red blood cells

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2
Q

The function of PO4^3-

A

used for making nucleotides, including ATP and are a component of phospholipids

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2
Q

The function of Ca2+

A

structural component of bones in teeth in mammals
component in plant cell walls

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2
Q

what is the structure of water?

A

Dipole - it has a positively charged end ( hydrogen) and a negatively charged end ( oxygen) but no overall charge.

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3
Q

What are the properties of water?

A

metabolite
high specific heat capacity
high latent of vaporisation
cohesion
high surface tension
high density
transparency

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4
Q

metabolite?

A

used in many biochemical reactions as a reactant e.g with carbon dioxide to produce glucose in photosynthesis. Many reactions in the body involve hydrolysis ( water splits a molecule)

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5
Q

High specific capacity

A

a large amount of heat energy is needed to raise its temperature. This is due to the hydrogen bonds between water molecules restrict their movement, resisting an increase in kinetic energy and therefore resisting an increase in temperature. Prevents large fluctuations in temperature - important in keeping aquatic habitats stable.

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6
Q

High latent heat of vaporisation

A

lot of heat energy is needed to change it from a liquid to vapour . Important e.g for temp control.

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7
Q

Cohesion

A

water molecules attract each other forming hydrogen bonds. The molecules are able to stick together in a lattice.

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8
Q

High surface tension

A

at ordinary temperatures - water = highest surface tension of any liquid but mercury. ( in a pond cohesion between water molecules at the surface produces surface tension so that the body of an insect = supported)

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9
Q

High density

A

water = denser than air and as a habitat for aquatic organisms produces support and buoyancy.

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10
Q

water transaparency

A

allows light to pass through - lets aquatic plants photosynthesise effectively

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11
Q

what are carbohydrates?

A

organic compounds which contain the atoms carbon,hydrogen and oxygen

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12
Q

what are monosaccharides?

A

basic unit of a carbohydrate
2 = disaccharide
many = polysaccharides

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13
Q

what are Monosaccharides like?

A

sweet and soluble - building blocks for larger carbohydrates

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14
Q

what is their general formula?

A

(CH2O)n - grouped according to the number of carbon atoms they have

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15
Q

triose?

A

3 carbon atoms
important in metabolism
intermediates in the reactions of respiration and photosynthesis

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16
Q

pentose?

A

5 carbon atoms
components of nucleotides e.g deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA , ATP and ADP

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17
Q

Hexose?

A

6 carbon atoms
for example glucose - source of energy in respiration
carbon-hydrogen and carbon - carbon bonds = broken to release energy which = transferred to make ATP

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18
Q

what are isomers?

A

same chemical formula and the same number of atoms but atoms are simply arranged differently

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19
Q

what are the isomers of glucose called?

A

alpha glucose
beta glucose
both have same chemical formula C6H12O6 but the H and Oh atoms = differently arranged at carbon 1
at carbon 1 - alpha glucose has a hydrogen atom above and a OH group below but at beta glucose - carbon 1 has a OH above and a H atom below
H and OH atoms at carbon 1 have been flipped - this is the only difference between alpha and beta glucose

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20
Q

what are disaccharides?

A

composed of 2 monosaccharide sub units bonded with the formation of a glycosidic and the elimination of water
example of a condensation reaction

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21
Q

what are the 3 types of disaccharides?

A

sucrose
maltose
lactose

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22
Q

maltose?

A

glucose and glucose
in germinating seeds

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23
Q

sucrose?

A

glucose and fructose
product of photosynthesis = transported in the phloem

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24
Q

lactose?

A

glucose and galactose
found in mamallian milk

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25
Q

benedicts reagant

A

used for glucose
if positive turns brick red

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26
Q

what are polysacchrides?

A

large complex polymers
formed from very large units of identical monosacchride units = monomers linked by glysosidic bonds formed by condensation reaction

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27
Q

what is starch made of?

A

alpha glucose monomers, added one at a time by condensation reaction

28
Q

what does starch do?

A

allows plant to store glucose

29
Q

what types of polysacchride does starch have?

A

amylose and amylopectin

30
Q

structure of amylose?

A

unbranched and
coils; each α glucose monomer added forms a C1 – C4 glycosidic bond with the adjacent
glucose molecule.

31
Q

structure of amylopectin?

A

is branched as it forms C1 - C4 gylcosidic bonds and C1 –
C6 glycosidic bonds.

32
Q

what is glycogen?

A

main storage product in animals

33
Q

what is the difference between glycogen and amylopectin?

A

The main difference between amylopectin and glycogen is that glycogen has shorter
C1 – C4 α glucose chains and there are more C1 – C6 branch points. Glycogen is more
branched than amylopectin.

34
Q

how is glycogen and amylopectin similar?

A

It is similar in structure to amylopectin.
In glycogen the α glucose molecules are joined by C1 – C4 and C1 – C6 glycosidic bonds.
The main difference between amylopectin and glycogen is that glycogen has shorter

35
Q

what is cellulose?

A

structural polysacchride found in plant cell walls

36
Q

structure of cellulose?

A

Cellulose consists
of many long, parallel chains of β glucose units. The β glucose monomers are joined
by C1 – C4 glycosidic bonds. The β bond rotates adjacent glucose molecules by 180
this allows hydrogen bonds to form between OH groups of adjacent cellulose chains.
Between 60 and 70 cellulose molecules become tightly cross-linked to form bundles
called microfibrils. Microfibrils are bunched together in bundles to form fibres.

37
Q

what is the structure of chitin

A

Chitin is composed of
long chains of β glucose molecules linked by C1 – C4 glycosidic bonds. Chitin differs from
cellulose in that each monomer has a group derived from amino acids added, called an
acetylamine group. Like cellulose alternate glucose molecules are rotated by 180 this
allows hydrogen bonds to form between the OH groups of adjacent chitin chains. The
cross-linked parallel chains form microfibrils.

38
Q

properties of chitin?

A

strong,waterproof and lightweight

39
Q

what are triglycerides?

A

most common types of lipids
fats and oils

40
Q

properties of tryglycerides?

A

insoluble in water -non polar
but soluble in other solvents e.g ethanol, chloroform and ether

41
Q

how are they formed?

A

formed by condensation reaction between glycerol and fatty acids
3 molecules of water are released

42
Q

what is the bond formed called?

A

an ester bond
tryglyceride - has 3 ester bonds

43
Q

unsaturated structure fatty acids?

A

have double bonds between neigbouring carbon atoms

44
Q

what don’t they contain?

A

they do not contain the maximum possible number of
hydrogen atoms.

45
Q

what do double bonds do?

A

make fatty acids and lipids melt more easily; most oils
are unsaturated.

46
Q

what is monosaturated?

A

there is only one double bond between carbon atoms the fatty acid

double bond forms a kink which is why unsaturated fatty acid molecules cannot be
tightly packed together and therefore are not solid.

47
Q

what is polyunsaturated?

A

there are two or more double bonds between carbon atoms

48
Q

saturated?

A

have no double bonds between neighbouring carbon atoms in
the hydrocarbon tail. A saturated fatty acid carries the maximum possible number of
hydrogen atoms.

49
Q

what are the main causes of heart disease?

A

fatty deposits in the coronary arteries
(atherosclerosis) and high blood pressure (hypertension).
A diet that is high in
saturated fatty acids, smoking, lack of exercise and ageing are all contributory factors.

50
Q

what happens with a diet high in saturated fats?

A

low-density lipoproteins (LDL) build up.
Fatty material called atheroma is deposited in the coronary arteries, restricting
blood flow and, therefore, oxygen delivery to the heart tissue.
restricted blood flow = angina

51
Q

what happens if the diet = high proportion of high unsaturated fats?

A

body makes more high density lipoproteins which carry harmful fats to the liver for disposal

52
Q

what are phospholipids?

A

a special type of lipid

53
Q

properties of phospholipids?

A

hydrophilic heads and 2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails

54
Q

what is the difference between trigylcerides and phospholipids?

A

triglycerides have
3 fatty acid tails
no phosphate group
non polar

phospholipids
2 fatty acid tails
phosphate group
polar head = hydrophilic
fatty acid tails = hydrophobic

55
Q

what is the test for fats and oils ?

A

lipids test

56
Q

how you undergo it?

A

substance is mixed thoroughly with absolute ethanol and any lipid present in the sample will dissolve in the ethanol

sample turns cloudy white if present

57
Q

functions of lipids?

A

energy store in plants and animals
thermal insulator
protection
metabolic water source
waterproofing
low density and buoyancy
nerve transmission
steroids ad cholestrol
cell membrane formation

58
Q

what do proteins contain?

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
and nitrogen

59
Q

what are proteins made up of?

A

monomers called amino acids

60
Q

what is a chain of amino acid called?

A

polypeptide chain

61
Q

what do all amino acids have?

A

amino group
carboxyl group
hydorgen atom
R-group

62
Q

how is a dipeptide formed?

A

when the amino group of one amino acid reacts with the carboxyl group of another by condensation reaction; water is eliminated and a peptide bond is formed

63
Q

what are the 4 levels of protein structure?

A

primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

64
Q

primary?

A

primary structure in the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
sequence of amino acids = determined by dna
1 gene codes for 1 polypeptide
bond between each amino acid = peptide bond

65
Q

secondary?

A

shape that the polypeptide chain forms due to hydrogen bonding. the bonds twist and form the polypeptide forming a alpha helix

66
Q

tertiary?

A

alpha helix of a secondary protein = further folded and twisted to give a more complex , compact 3D structure
shape = maintained by disulphide, ionic,
covalent hydrophobic and hydrogen bonds.
enzymes have a tertiary structure - bonds maintain the shape of the enzyme’s active site

67
Q

quartenary?

A

arises from a combination of 2 or more polypeptide chains in tertiary form
associated with non protein groups and form large complex molecules such as haemoglobin
haemoglobin has 4 polypeptide chains
Four genes are needed to code for haemoglobin; one gene for
each polypeptide.

68
Q

what are proteins classified into?

A

gloubular and fibrous proteins

69
Q

what is the difference between haemoglobin and collagen

A

haemoglobin = 4 polypeptide molecules
each polypeptide chain = different
haemoglobin = associated with non protein groups
highest level of protein = quartenary

whereas

collagen = 3 polypeptide molecules
each polypeptide = same
collagen = not associated with non protein groups
highest level of protein = secondary

70
Q

what is the biuret test used to test for?

A

proteins

biology unit 1 (6 decks)

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