Unit 11 - The Brain Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
What determines intelligence in the human brain
A
Active synapses
2
Q
A typical human brain has a volume of 1300 cc and weighs around
A
3 Pounds
3
Q
When viewed superiorly, the cerebrum is divided into two halves, what are they
A
the left and right cerebral hemispheres
4
Q
Each hemisphere may be further subdivided into five functional areas called
A
Lobes
5
Q
The outer surface of an adult brain exhibits folds called
A
Gyri
6
Q
The shallow depressions between the folds of the outer surface of the brain
A
Sulci
7
Q
Two directional terms are often used to describe brain anatomy, what are they
A
Rostral - Toward Nose, synonymous with superior
Caudal - Toward Tail, synonymous with inferior
8
Q
By the fifth week of embryonic development, a total of five regions appear, what are they
A
- Telencephalon - which eventually forms the cerebrum.
- Diencephalon - which eventually forms the
thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. - Mesencephalon - which forms a short section of the brain stem between the diencephalon and the pons.
- Metencephalon - which eventually forms the pons and
cerebellum. - Myelencephalon - which eventually forms the
medulla oblongata.
9
Q
What grows rapidly and surrounds the diencephalon during the embryonic and fetal periods?
A
Telencephalon
10
Q
As the future brain develops, its surface folds, especially in the telencephalon, leading to the formation of what
A
Adult sulci and gyri
11
Q
What determines the boundaries of the brain’s cavities
A
The bends and creases that occur in the developing brain
12
Q
What are necessary in order to fit the massive amount of brain tissue within the confines of the cranial cavity
A
The bends, creases, and folds in the telencephalon surface.
13
Q
When do most of the gyri and sulci develop
A
Late in the fetal period
14
Q
What two distinct tissue areas are recognized within the brain and spinal cord
A
Gray and White Matter
15
Q
Gray matter houses what
A
(a) Motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies
(b) Dendrites
(c) Branching axon terminals
(d) Unmyelinated axons
16
Q
White matter houses what
A
Myelinated axons, but also dendrites and
associated neuroglial cells.
17
Q
How does White Matter derive its color
A
From the myelin in the myelinated axons
18
Q
During brain development, an outer, superficial region of what forms from migrating peripheral neurons
A
gray matter
19
Q
External sheets of gray matter, called what, cover the surface of most of the adult brain (the cerebrum and the
cerebellum)
A
Cortex
20
Q
The white matter of the brain lies ______ to the gray matter of the cortex
This inner region of white matter is called what
A
Deep, Medulla
21
Q
Sudden decelerations (i.e. - car crashes) can cause gray and white matter in the brain to what
A
To shear at the interface
22
Q
The spinal cord has white matter as its outer layer and gray matter at its center, true or false?
A
True
23
Q
The brain is protected and isolated by what multiple structures
A
- The bony cranium
- Connective tissue membranes, called “meninges”, surround and partition portions of the brain.
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) acts as a cushioning fluid.
- The blood-brain barrier prevents the entry of harmful materials from the bloodstream.
24
Q
What do the meninges do for the brain
A
- separate the soft tissue of the brain from the bones of the cranium
- enclose and protect blood vessels that supply the brain
- contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid.
- In addition, some parts of the cranial meninges form some of the veins that drain blood from the brain.
25
The three connective tissue layers of the meninges
1. pia mater (Innermost layer)
2. arachnoid (Internal to Dura Mater)
3. dura mater (Most external layer of meninges)
26
Which tissue layer of meninges is composed of delicate connective tissue that is highly vascularized and which
tightly adheres to the brain and follows every contour of the brain surface
Pia Mater
27
Meninges tissue layer that means “like a spider or resembling a spider’s web”, and this meninx is so named because it is partially composed of a delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers
Arachnoid
28
What is immediately deep to the arachnoid
The subarachnoid space
The spiderweb-like extensions of the arachnoid extend through this space from the arachnoid to the underlying pia mater
29
What's between the arachnoid and the overlying dura mater
A potential space called the “subdural space”.
30
What is composed of tough, dense irregular connective tissue that has two fibrous layers
Dura Mater
31
What's the strongest of the meninges
Dura Mater
32
Within the cranium, the dura mater is composed of what two layers
meningeal layer - lies deep to the periosteal layer
| periosteal layer - the more superficial layer, forms the periosteum on the internal surface of the cranial bones..
33
The meningeal layer is usually fused to the periosteal layer, except in specific areas where the two layers separate to form large, blood-filled spaces called
dural venous sinuses
34
Dural venous sinuses are typically triangular in cross section, and unlike most other veins, they do not have valves to regulate the venous flow
True
35
The dural venous sinuses are, in essence, large veins that drain blood from the brain and transport the blood to the ________
Internal jugular veins
36
The dura mater and the bones of the skull may be separated by the potential _______
Epidural space
37
What does the Epidural Space contain
It contains the arteries and veins that nourish the meninges and bones of the cranium.
38
Under normal (healthy) conditions, the epidural space ________
Is not a space at all
39
What makes the epidural space to become a real space and fill with fluid or blood
Trauma or disease
40
A pooling of blood outside of a vessel is referred to as what
Hematoma
41
Occurs as a result of a ruptured artery, when a pool of blood forms in the epidural space of the brain, usually due to a severe blow to the head
Epidural hematoma
42
A hemorrhage that occurs in the subdural space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater
Subdural hematoma
43
This type of hematoma typically results from ruptured veins caused by either fast or violent rotational motion of the head.
Subdural hematoma
44
How do you treat Subdural and Epidural Hematomas
accumulated blood removed by surgically drilling a hole in the skull, suctioning out the blood, and ligating (tying off) the bleeding vessel.
45
Flat partitions of the meningeal layer of the dura mater that extend into the cranial cavity at several locations
Septa
46
Double layers of dura mater are called
Cranial dural septa
47
Cranial dural septa do what
Separate specific parts of the brain and provide
| additional stabilization and support for the entire brain.
48
The four cranial dural septa
1. Falx Cerebri
2. Tentorium Cerebelli
3. Falx Cerebelli
4. Diphragma Sellae
49
The largest of the four dural septa
Falx Cerebri
50
This large, sickle-shaped vertical fold of dura mater, located in the midsagittal plane, projects into the longitudinal fissure between the left and right cerebral hemispheres
Falx Cerebri
51
The anterior attachment site for the falx cerebri
the crista galli of the ethmoid bone
52
The posterior attachment site for the falx cerebri
the superior portion of the tentorium cerebelli
53
Running within the margins of the falx cerebri are several _______
dural venous sinuses
54
a horizontally-oriented fold of dura mater that separates the occipital lobe and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum
tentorium cerebelli
55
What runs within the posterior border of the tentorium cerebelli
dural venous sinus
56
The anterior surface of the tentorium cerebelli has a small gap or opening called
the “tentorial notch” (“tentorial incisure”) to allow for the passage of the brainstem
57
Extending into the midsagittal line inferior to the tentorium cerebelli is the _______ a sickle-shaped vertical partition that divides the left and right
cerebellar hemispheres
falx cerebelli
58
What runs in the posterior vertical border of the falx cerebelli
A tiny dural venous sinus
59
The smallest of the dural septa is the ______
diphragma sellae
60
forms a “roof” over the sella turcica of the sphenoid
| bone
diphragma sellae
61
A small opening within it allows for the passage of a thin stalk that attaches the pituitary gland within the sella turcica to the base of the hypothalamus located just
above.
diphragma sellae
62
Cavities or expansions within the
| brain that are derived from the lumen (opening) of the embryonic neural tube
The brain “ventricles”
63
There are four ventricles in the brain, all of which contain cerebrospinal fluid, what are they
1. The two “lateral ventricles" - (the first is in the right cerebral hemisphere while the second is in the left cerebral hemisphere)
2. The “third ventricle” - a smaller chamber located within the diencephalon
3. The “fourth ventricle” - shaped like a tetrahedron and is located between the pons and the cerebellum.
64
What's the thin medial partition called that separates the two lateral ventricles in the right and left cerebral hemispheres
the “septum pellucidum”
65
Each lateral ventricle communicates with what ventricle
the third ventricle
66
Which ventricle narrows at its inferior end before it merges with the “central canal” in the spinal cord
The fourth ventricle
67
a clear, colorless liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space
Cerebrospinal fluid
68
What bathes the exposed surfaces of the central nervous system and completely surrounds it
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
69
CSF performs several important functions, what are they
1. Provides buoyancy so that the brain floats, thereby reducing its apparent weight by more than 95% and preventing it from being crushed under its own weight
2. Provides protection by creating a liquid cushion to protect the brain from sudden movements
3. Provides environmental stability by transporting nutrients, chemical messengers, and by removing wastes
70
Removal of what during spinal taps, causes many persons to complain of headaches, caused in part by a loss of this cushioning buoyancy
CSF
71
refers to the acute brain damage that occurs as a result of an accident or trauma
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
72
The most common type of TBI
Concussion
73
a TBI where there is bruising of the brain due to trauma that causes blood to leak from small vessels into the subarachnoid space
Contusion
74
a rare but serious condition called _______, where an individual experiences a second brain injury prior to the resolution of the first injury, and develops severe brain swelling and possible death as a result
second impact syndrome (SIS)
75
preliminary research has shown that TBI patients who received therapeutic __________ made a greater and faster recovery than individuals with similar TBIs who did not receive the therapy
progesterone
76
Wastes and excess CSF are eventually transported where
venous circulation
77
Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the ________, in each of the four ventricles
choroid plexi
78
CSF is essentially a filtrate of plasma, in that it contains
proteins and salts (ions).
79
The choroid plexi produce CSF at a rate of about
500 milliliters (ml) per day
80
The CSF eventually leaves the ventricles and enters the
subarachnoid space
81
the total volume of CSF in the subarachnoid space at any given moment ranges between
100 ml and 160 ml
82
Fingerlike extensions of the arachnoid project through the dura mater into the dural venous sinuses to form
arachnoid villi
83
Collections of arachnoid villi form visible ________
arachnoid granulations
84
Excess CSF moves across the arachnoid membrane at the arachnoid villi to return to the blood within the dural venous sinuses
True
85
So, to summarize, the CSF is produced by the choroid plexi in the ventricles, flows through the ventricles, enters into the subarachnoid space and the central canal, and is eventually drained back into the blood via the arachnoid villi that empty into the dural venous sinuses
True
86
literally means “water on the brain,” and refers to the pathologic condition of excessive CSF, which often leads to brain distortion
Hydrocephalus
87
Severe cases of hydrocephalus are most often treated by what
inserting a tube called a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt (drains excess CSF from the ventricles to the abdominopelvic cavity)
88
The blood-brain barrier is markedly reduced or missing in three distinct locations in the CNS, where are they
1. At the choroid plexi
2. At the hypothalamus and the pineal gland (have access to the bloodstream to directly release their hormones into the plasma)
89
the location of conscious thought processes and the origin of all complex intellectual functions.
The “cerebrum”
90
readily identified as the two large hemispheres on the superior aspect of the brain
The “cerebrum”
91
the center of your intelligence, reasoning, sensory perception, thought, memory, and judgment, as well as your voluntary motor, visual, and auditory activities
The “cerebrum”
92
The outer gray layer of the cerebrum is ________, the inner white layer is _______
“cerebral cortex”, and “cerebral
| medulla”
93
The surface has folds ______, depressions ______, and deeper grooves called “fissures”
Gyri, Sulci
94
The cerebrum is composed of two halves, called the _____
left and right “cerebral hemispheres”
95
The paired cerebral hemispheres are separated by a deep _________ that extends along the midsagittal plane
“longitudinal fissure”
96
The cerebral hemispheres are separate from one another, except at a few locations
where tracts of white matter allow for communication between them.
The largest of these white matter tracts is called what
the “corpus callosum" - connects the hemispheres and provides the main method of communication between these hemispheres.
97
While the two cerebral hemispheres appear as mirror images, one hemisphere may play a greater role in controlling certain body activities
True
98
Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into five anatomically and functionally distinct
lobes, what are they
1) The “frontal lobe”
2) The “parietal lobe”
3) The “temporal lobe”
4) The “occipital lobe”
5) The “insula”
99
Lobe that lies deep to the frontal bone and forms the anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere
The Frontal Lobe
100
The frontal lobe is primarily concerned with what
- Voluntary motor functions of skeletal muscles
- Concentration
- Verbal communications
- Decision making
- Planning
- Personality
101
lies internal to the parietal bone and forms the superoposterior part of each cerebral hemisphere
Parietal Lobe
102
Parietal Lobe is concerned with
involved with general sensory functions, such as evaluating the shape and texture of objects being touched.
103
Lobe that lies internal to the temporal bone
Temporal Lobe
104
This lobe is involved with:
- Hearing
- Interpreting speech and language
- Smell
Temporal Lobe
105
Forms the posterior region of each hemisphere and
| immediately underlies the occipital bone
Occipital Lobe
106
This lobe is responsible for:
- Processing incoming visual information
- Storing visual memories
Occipital Lobe
107
A small lobe that can be visualized by pulling
| aside the temporal lobe.
Insula
108
Lobe thats function is apparently involved in:
- Memory
- Interpretation of taste
Insula
109
Occur when a blow to the head caused the
brain to shift towards the area of impact and injure itself by hitting the inner surface of
the skull, and then rebounding in the opposite direction and injuring itself again by hitting
the skull on the opposite side of the skull where the original blow was delivered.
“Coup-contrecoup” injuries to the cerebrum
110
A widely variable disorder of neural development that affects 1 in 88 children in the United States alone
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), also known simply as autism
111
Individuals with ASD often are highly sensitive to stimuli such as loud noises or unfamiliar people, and may struggle in adjusting to changes in routine.
True
112
ASD varies in severity among those affected (hence the term spectrum in its name), but all are characterized by some form of social and communication difficulties. Some children may experience delays in language acquisition or may be completely nonverbal. Social interaction is difficult, ranging from inability to reciprocate interest during a conversation to being withdrawn into the child’s “own world.” Intelligence also varies widely, from severe cognitive delay to possessing savantlike skills in focused areas like math or music.
True
113
In Autism, discomfort due to overstimulation or frustration in the inability to communicate can lead to
tantrums or “meltdowns"
114
Other behaviors and traits commonly associated with ASD include repetitive motions like hand flapping or rocking, resistance to changes in routine (e.g., insisting on wearing the same shirt or eating the same meal each day), inability to engage in pretend play, inability to gauge the feelings of others, and intense interest in a particular activity or subject.
True
115
was touted as a “cure” for people who were violent or profoundly disturbed in 1930s-1950s
introducing a cutting instrument into the frontal cortex, often through a small hole drilled in the skull in the region of the medial canthus of each eye. The instrument, generally a long, spatula-like blade, was then moved back and forth, severing the frontal cortical connections from the rest of the brain
the frontal lobotomy
116
sandwiched between the inferior regions of the cerebral hemispheres
The “diencephalon”
117
The “diencephalon” includes what
includes the epithalumus, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus.
118
The “epithalamus” (Greek for “upon a bed”) partially forms the posterior roof of the _______ and covers the third ventricle
diencephalon
119
The posterior portion of the epithalamus houses the
“pineal gland" which is an endocrine gland.
120
The pineal gland secretes the hormone ______ which appears to help regulate day-night cycles known as the body’s “circadian rhythm”
Melatonin
121
Refers to the paired oval masses of gray matter that
| lie on either side of the third ventricle
Thalamus
122
Forms the superolateral walls of the third ventricle
The Thalamus
123
the principal and final relay point for all sensory information, except for the sense of smell (olfaction), that will be processed and projected to the cerebral cortex
The Thalamus
124
filters out repetitive or non-essential sights and sounds and clues in the cerebrum where the sensory information came from
The Thalamus
125
The anteroinferior region of the diencephalon
The “hypothalamus”
126
The thin, stalk-like “__________” (Latin for “funnel”) extends inferiorly from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
infundibulum
127
It is the master control of the autonomic nervous system. It projects descending axons to the inferior brain stem that influence heart rate, blood pressure, digestive activities, and respiration. What is it?
hypothalamus
128
It is the master control of the endocrine system. Secretes hormones that control the secretory activities of the anterior pituitary gland also produces two hormones (antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin) that are transported
through axons in the infundibulum and then stored in the posterior pituitary
hypothalamus
129
The body’s thermostat and controls body temperature. It regulates shivering and sweating
hypothalamus
130
Located at the center of the limbic system
hypothalamus
131
the part of the brain that controls emotional responses (pleasure, aggression, fear, rage, contentment, and the sex drive).
The Limbic System
132
It monitors nutrients (glucose and amino acids) and controls hunger.
hypothalamus
133
As the body’s thirst center, it continuously monitors blood solute (dissolved substances) concentration and stimulates thirst or release of fluid.
hypothalamus
134
It regulates sleep-wake (circadian) rhythms by acting in conjunction with the pineal gland.
hypothalamus
135
A bidirectional passageway for all nerve tracts extending between the cerebrum and the spinal cord.
The “brainstem”
136
What are the three regions that compose the brainstem
1. mesencephalon
2. pons
3. medulla oblongata
137
```
the rostral (superior) portion of the
brainstem
```
mesencephalon
138
The mesencephalon is concerned with what
Visual and auditory reflexes
| Control of posture and movement
139
a bulging region on the anterior part of the
| brainstem that forms from part of the metencephalon
The pons
140
What does the pons do
The pons acts to relay impulses
The pons also helps regulate breathing by influencing and modifying the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata
141
This is formed from the myelencephalon and is the most caudal (inferior) part of the brainstem and is continuous with the spinal cord inferiorly
medulla oblongata
142
As the central canal extends rostrally (superiorly) towards the pons, it enlarges and becomes the
Fourth Ventricle
143
All communication between the brain and spinal cord involves tracts of nerve fibers that ascend or descend through the
medulla oblongata
144
In the caudal region of the medulla, most of the descending motor tracts cross to the ____ side of the brain
opposite
As a result of the crossover, each cerebral hemisphere controls the voluntary movements of the opposite side of the body.
145
Police snipers wanting to disconnect the brain from the spinal cord will aim for what
aim for the medulla oblongata.
The external landmark for a level frontal shot is the tip of the nose
The external landmark for a level side shot is the base of the ear lobe
146
functions of the medulla oblongata
(a) Acts as a sensory relay for several cranial nerves.
(b) Acts as a relay to the thalamus
(c) Serves as a cardiac center by regulating the heart’s rate and the strength of its contractions.
(d) Serves as the vasomotor center by controlling the contraction and relaxation of the
smooth muscle in the walls of the smallest arteries (arterioles) to alter vessel diameter and blood pressure.
(e) Acts as the respiratory center and is also influenced by the pons.
(f) It also is involved in coughing, sneezing, salivation, swallowing, gagging, and vomiting.
147
the second-largest part of the brain, and it develops from the metencephalon.
The “cerebellum”
148
The two primary layers of the cerebellum
outer layer of gray matter called the “cerebellar
cortex"
internal region of white matter that resembles the branches of a tree that is
called the “arbor vitae”
149
the cerebrum is partitioned from the cerebellum by a dural septum called the _______
“tentorium cerebelli”
150
important functions of the cerebellum
1. It coordinates muscle contractions and ensures that skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern leading to smooth, coordinated movements ( stores memories of previously learned `movement patterns
(“muscle memory”)).
2. adjusts skeletal muscle activity to maintain equilibrium and posture
3. maintains resting muscle tone by interacting with muscle spindle fibers in skeletal muscles.
4. also has a broader role in some of the body’s cognitive functions, including attention, the processing of language, music, and other sensory stimuli.
151
Typical symptoms that include uncoordinated, jerky movements from cerebellum disorders is called what
Ataxia
152
A person under the influence of alcohol rarely walks in a straight line, but appears to sway and stagger is called what condition
Disturbance of gait
153
When attempting to stand on one foot, a person who is intoxicated usually tips and falls over is called what
Loss of balance and posture (Duh)
154
When asked to close the eyes and touch the nose, an intoxicated person frequently misses the mark is called what
Inability to detect proprioceptive information
155
The brain has two important functional systems, which are systems that work together for a common function, even though their components may be scattered throughout the brain, what are they
The “reticular formation” and the limbic system
156
a loosely organized core of gray matter that projects vertically through the core of the midbrain, pons, and medulla. It also extends slightly into the diencephalon and the spinal cord as well
The “reticular formation”
157
The _______ of the reticular formation communicates with the spinal cord and is responsible for regulating muscle tone (especially when the muscles
are at rest).
Motor Component
This motor component also assists with the autonomic centers in the medulla and pons to help control respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate
158
The ______ of the reticular formation is responsible for alerting the cerebrum to incoming sensory information
sensory component
159
The sensory component of the reticular formation is also known as the ______
“reticular activating system” or “RAS”
| and it contains sensory axons that project to the cerebral cortex.
160
The ______ of the reticular formation is responsible for maintaining a state of awareness or consciousness
“reticular activating system” or “RAS”
The RAS processes visual, auditory, and touch stimuli and uses this information to keep us in a state of mental alertness.
- Additionally, the RAS arouses us from sleep, such as when an alarm clock wakens us because the RAS receives stimulatory sensory information and sends
it to the cerebrum, thereby arousing it. Conversely, if there is little or no stimuli while in bed with the lights out, you sleep because the RAS is not stimulated to act.
161
Prior to entering the sleep state, an individual becomes _______, a normal level of reduced alertness and awareness associated with an inclination to sleep.
lethargic
162
A brief loss of consciousness, termed _____, often signals inadequate cerebral blood flow due to low blood pressure, as might follow hemorrhage or sudden emotional stress
fainting, or syncope
163
a moderately deep level of unconsciousness from which the person can be aroused only by extreme repeated or painful stimuli.
Stupor
164
a deep and profound state of unconsciousness from which the person cannot be aroused, even by repeated or painful stimuli.
Coma
165
a condition in which the person has lost his or her thinking ability and awareness of the environment, but noncognitive brain functions continue, such as the brainstem’s monitoring of heart rate, breathing, and the sleep-wake cycle
persistent vegetative state (PVS)
166
composed of multiple cerebral and diencephalic structures that collectively process and experience emotions
The Limbic System
167
sometimes referred to as the “emotional brain”
The Limbic System
The limbic system exerts an important influence upon the endocrine and autonomic motor systems; its functions also appear to affect motivational and mood states
168
The structures of the limbic system form a ring or border around the ______
diencephalon
169
With the help of this system, particular odors can provoke certain emotions or be associated with certain memories
The Limbic System
170
can occur even though the brain itself is pain-insensitive, due to pressure produced by tumors, hemorrhage, meningitis, or inflamed nerve roots.
Headache
171
severe, recurring headaches that usually affect only one side of the head
Migraine headaches
172
a group of neuromuscular disorders that usually result from damage to an infant’s brain before, during, or immediately after birth
Cerebral palsy
173
Three forms of cerebral palsy involve impairment of skeletal motor activity to some degree, what are they
athetoid, characterized by slow, involuntary, writhing hand movements; ataxic, marked by lack of muscular coordination; and spastic, exhibiting increased muscular tone
174
an acute inflammatory disease of the brain, most often due to viral infection
Encephalitis
175
characterized by recurring attacks of motor, sensory, or psychological malfunction, with or without unconsciousness or convulsive movements
Epilepsy
neurons in the brain fire at unpredictable times, even without a stimulus
176
an autosomal dominant hereditary disease that affects the cerebral nuclei. It causes rapid, jerky, involuntary movements that usually start unilaterally in the face, but over months and years progress to the arms and legs
Huntington disease
177
a slow-progressing neurologic condition that affects muscle movement and balance. Patients exhibit stiff posture, an expressionless face, slow voluntary movements, a resting tremor (especially in the hands), and a shuffling gait
Parkinson disease
caused by a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine
178
a well-known medical sequence of events that
occurs when the cerebrum pushes down through the tentorial incisure (tentorial notch)
because of head trauma, intracranial bleeding, tumors, inflammation, or cerebral edema
Rostrocaudal brain deterioration
One step in this process is called “transtentorial brain herniation"
179
This is the last reversible phase of rostrocaudal brain deterioration
decerebrate posturing
the cerebrum and midbrain will push down on the upper pons
180
This is the most common serious disease of the CNS and is referred to as a “stroke”
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
181
Cerebrovascular accidents can be caused by a variety of problems.
a. Formation of a “thrombus” (clot) in a cerebral artery.
b. An intracerebral hemorrhage.
c. A bulge in the wall (“aneurysm”) of a cerebral artery that ruptures.
d. Build-up of fatty plaques in a cerebral arterial wall (“atherosclerosis”) that disrupts
blood flow.
182
_______, contralateral paralysis of the body, often occurs in CVA accidents
Hemiplegia
183
caused by reduced blood supply to a part of the brain due to a blocked or damaged arterial blood vessel
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
184
a blood clot within the blood vessel
thrombus
185
a blood clot that formed someplace else
embolus
