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biomed > unit 1.1.x > Flashcards

unit 1.1.x Flashcards

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1
Q

Ventral vs dorsal

A

Directional terms; ventral = closer to stomach (anterior in humans) and dorsal = closer to back (posterior in humans)

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2
Q

Axial vs appendicular

A

Regional terms; axial = central part of body (head, trunk [chest, back, neck]) and appendicular = appendages/limbs attached to axis (includes shoulder and pelvis)

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3
Q

Antecubital

A

Regional term; inner crook of elbow

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4
Q

Axillary

A

Regional term; armpit

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5
Q

Calcaneal

A

Regional term; heel

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6
Q

Cephalic

A

Regional term; head

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7
Q

Coxal

A

Regional term; hip/pelvis

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8
Q

Digital

A

Regional term; toes

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9
Q

Inguinal

A

Regional term; groin

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10
Q

Lumbar

A

Regional term; lumbar spine (lowest part of spine, right above the sacrum/pelvis)

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11
Q

Occipital

A

Regional term; occipital lobe (back of head)

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12
Q

Olecranal

A

Regional term; back of elbow

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13
Q

Orbital

A

Regional term; eyeball

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14
Q

Popliteal

A

Regional term; back of knee

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15
Q

Sacral

A

Regional term; sacrum (triangular bone in middle of pelvis)

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16
Q

Tarsal

A

Regional term; tarsus (tarsal bones that make up proximal foot)

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17
Q

Thoracic

A

Regional term; thorax (area between neck and abdomen)

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18
Q

Coronal / frontal plane

A

Divides body vertically into anterior & posterior

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19
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides body vertically into unequal right and left portions

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20
Q

Median / mid-sagittal plane

A

Divides body vertically into equal right and left portions

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21
Q

Transverse / axial plane

A

Divides body horizontally into inferior/superior

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22
Q

Ventral body cavity

A

Two parts: thoracic cavity and abdomino-pelvic cavity
Thoracic (chest) cavity: enclosed by ribs and allows lungs to expand
Abdomino-pelvic cavity: consists of abdominal + pelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity (largest cavity): contains digestive organs
Pelvic cavity: contains bladder + internal reproductive organs

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23
Q

Dorsal body cavity

A

Two parts: cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

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24
Q

4 tissue types / functions

A
  1. Nervous - neurons and nerve-supporting cells that receive, interpret & respond to signals
  2. Epithelial - lines outer surfaces of organs, blood vessels, and mouth; absorbs, secretes, and senses
  3. Muscle - striated/skeletal, smooth, or cardiac
  4. Connective - attached to/in between other tissue types (attach muscle to bone and hold organs in place)
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25
Nervous tissue
Made of neurons + neuron-supporting cells
26
Muscle tissue
3 types - skeletal/striated, cardiac, smooth/visceral * Skeletal muscle cells = voluntary control, cells have multiple nuclei * Cardiac muscle = involuntarily pumps blood and is attached to other muscles through intercalated disks * Smooth/visceral muscle = involuntary, surrounds hollow organs
27
Epithelial tissue
Cells fit closely together; receives no blood supply (avascular); can be simple (1 layer of cells) or stratified (multiple layers)
28
Connective tissue
Forms extracellular matrix (surrounds living cells) and includes bone, cartilage, and adipose tissue
29
Compact bone
Solid, hard bone; outside layer of all bones
30
Spongy bone
Porous bone only found in animals with red bone marrow
31
Flat bones
Layer of spongy bone between 2 layers of compact bone; has a marrow but lacks marrow cavity
32
Long bones
Shaft with 2 ends made of spongy bone; has a marrow and marrow (medullary) cavity
33
Irregular bones
Thin layers of spongy bone surrounded by compact bone and don't fit other categories
34
Short bones
Cube-shaped bone that is mostly spongy bone with a compact outer surface
35
Metaphysis
The location where the bone flares at the ends (of long bones)
36
Diaphysis
Shaft of a long bone - contains medullary cavity and yellow bone marrow
37
Epiphysis
Is spongy (trabecular) bone and contains red bone marrow; two ends of a long bone
38
Compact bone
AKA cortical bone (surrounds medullary cavity)
39
11 body systems
Integumentary, respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine, reproductive, skeletal, muscle, digestive, immune
40
Bones of the skull
Parietal bone, frontal bone, occipital bone, mandible, maxilla, temporal bone, zygomatic bone
41
Muscles of the face
Orbicularis oculi, orcbicularis oris, temporalis
42
Haversian canals
43
Periosteum
Thin layer of connective tissue that covers the entire outside of bones (besides at joints, which have articular cartilage)
44
3 types of imaging
X-ray - electromagnetic waves to produce 2D, black-and-white view of bones MRI - radio waves and large magnet to produce 2D, black-and-white view of soft tissue Ultrasound - sound waves to capture motion like muscles, joints, and organs (typically 2D, black-and-white)
45
Types of epithelial cells
Squamos, cuboidal, or columnar
46
Red bone marrow found in
Spongy bone
47
Yellow bone marrow found in
Medullary cavity of long bones (stores fat in adults)
48
3 sutures in the skull
Sagittal suture (between left and right parietal bones) Lambdoid suture (T shape - separates occipital bone from both parietal bones) Coronal suture (separates frontal bone from both parietal bones)
49
Haversian canals
Small tunnels throughout the bone that surround blood vessels and nerve fibers and communicate w/ osteocytes
50
Canaliculi
Allow haversian canals and osteocytes to communicate
51
Osteoblast
Bone-forming cell
52
Osteoclast
Large, multinucleate cell in areas of bone absorption (so new, healthy bone can be formed)
53
Comminuted
Bone broken in at least 2 places
54
Transverse break
Bone broken perpendicular to its length
55
Oblique break
Bone broken with angled pattern
56
Compound break
Break where the skin is pierced by the bone
57
Break where the skin isn't pierced by bone
Simple/closed break
58
Hematoma formation
Blood vessels that are ruptured by the bone break form a mass between the bones. Clotting then reduces blood supply to the bone, so some cells die and can be replaced by new cells.
59
Fibrocartilage callus formation
New capillaries form through the blood clot, forming a fibrocartilage callus (made of collagen fibers, cartilage, and bone)
60
Bony callus formation
The fibrocartilage is replaced by spongy bone; osteoclasts and blasts migrate and multiply in the area
61
Bone remodeling
Osteoclasts/blasts shape the bone back to normal
62
Order of bone regrowth
1) Hematoma formation 2) FIbrocartilage callus formation 3) Bony callus formation 4) Bone remodeling
63
External fixation
Metal pins are temporarily drilled into bones (typically in emergencies, then later treated by internal fixation)
64
Fracture plating
Typically used in bones with multiple breaks; allows them to heal faster
65
Intramedullary nailing
Long nail inserted into marrow of long bones if it won't damage surrounding cartilage
66
Orbicularis oculi
Origin: between mandible and maxilla Insertion: eyelids Action: closes eyes/helps pump tears
67
Orbicularis oris
Origin: maxilla Insertion: upper + lower lip tissue Action: closes lips
68
Tempralis
Origin: temporal fossa (side of head) Insertion: mandible Action: closes mouth (mandible elevation)
69
Number and types of vertebrae
Cervical - 7 Thoracic - 12 Lumbar - 5 Sacrum - 5 (fused) Coccyx - 4 (fused)
70
Number and types of ribs
True ribs (attached to sternum) - 7 False ribs - 3 Floating ribs (don't attach to sternum/other ribs) - 2
71

biomed (2 decks)

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