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Pathology Units 12-14 > Unit 13 > Flashcards

Unit 13 Flashcards

2
Q

Urinary System - Function

A

Remove waste products-from bloodstream (toxic wastes and unused nutrients)-as urine (e.g.,blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, metabolic end products)Regulate fluid and electrolyte balance-acid/base balance, calcium metabolismRegulate blood pressure-body fluids

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3
Q

Urinary System - Structure

A

Kidney:-nephrons: site of urine formation-Glomerulus: site of blood filtering-Calyces & pelvis: collect urine from kidneysUreters–tubules between kidney & urinary bladderUrinary bladder-muscular storing urineUrethra-tube between urinary bladder & external opening; longer in males

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4
Q

Normal urine output

A

1 to 1.5 liters a day

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5
Q

Oliguria

A

decrease in urine output, same frequency, less than 0.4L/day-due to infections, scar tissue, stones, neoplasms

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6
Q

Anuria

A

No urine output-due to renal failure, neoplasm, paralysis

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7
Q

Polyuria

A

Increase in urine output, +2.5L/day-due to infection, high blood pressure, alcohol, diabetes, hyposecretion of ADH

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8
Q

Hematuria

A

Blood (red blood cells) in urine-due to stones, infection, neoplasms, poisoning

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9
Q

Hemoglobinuria

A

hemoglobin in urine-due to poisons, increase destruction anemia

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10
Q

Glycosuria

A

Sugar in urine, (absent in normal urine)-due to diabetes

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11
Q

Ketonuria

A

Ketones (from burning fat) in urine, (absent in normal urine)-due to diabetes, starvation

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12
Q

Pyuria (pyoturia)

A

pus in urine-due to infection, renal stones, polycystic kidney

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13
Q

Uremia

A

urine present in blood-renal insufficiency

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14
Q

Horseshoe kidney

A

-Congenital Malformation-Fusion of two kidneys at one pole-due to abnormal embryogenesis-most common anomaly (1 in 500)-usually asymptomatic-higher risk of kidney disease

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15
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease

A

-Congenital Malformation-inherited (genetic)-multiple renal cysts covering both kidneys, filled with clear fluid, few millimeters to few centimeters in diameter-cause massive kidney enlargement (x20), 1lb kidney turns into 20lbs-Adult and Childhood

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16
Q

Adult polycystic disease

A

caused by autosomal dominant defectcommon in 10% of patients with chronic renal failure; symptomatic after age 30Complications:-chronic inflammation -> fibrosis -> hematuria, chronic UTI, secondary hypertension -> kidney failure

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17
Q

Childhood polycystic disease

A

-caused by autosomal recessive defect-may appear at birth or after 1 year of age-develops rapidly, 75% of infants dieComplications:-often associated with liver cysts & biliary ductal hyperplasia -> cirrhosis like scars-large kidneys prevent expansion of lungs

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18
Q

Renal Hypoplasia

A

Congenital Malformation-underdevelopment, small kidney (reduced number or smaller nephrons)-clinically symptoms start in infancy with polyuria, polydipsia (excessive thirst) & electrolytes disturbances-renal failure, age of 20

19
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal development of kidneyAKA - multicystic dysplasia of kidney-most common cystic malformation of the kidney in infancypossible causes-genetic factors-mother’s exposure to certain drugs (drugs to treat seizures or blood pressure); cocaine

20
Q

Aplasia

A

Complete failure to form an organ (kidney)

21
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Inflammation of glomeruli of cortexcaused by:-bacterial (usually strep) or viral infections resulting in formation of antigen-antibody complexesSymptoms:-oliguria, hematuria, back pain, hypertension (systemic effect)Complication-scar tissue & possibly kidney stones

22
Q

Nephrosis - definition

A

Non-inflammatory nephropathy (disease of nephrons; carry urine from cortex toward kidney pelvis)AKA- Nephrotic syndrome = collection of symptomsCharacterized by-swelling of the body (edema)-large amounts of protein in urine-increased blood cholesterol

23
Q

Nephrosis - Causes, symptoms and complications

A

Caused by-glomerulonephritis, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythromatosis, leukemia-infections, such as strp, HIV, hepatitis B or C, cancer-heavy metals (mercury, gold), snake venom, heroinSymptoms-hemturia, oliguria, uremia (urine wastes back up into blood -> mental changes)Complications-necrosis & possible bleeding, kidney failure, scar tissue, stones

24
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

fluid (usually urine) collects in the pelvis & calyces of one or both kidneys as a result of obstruction-due to stones, urethral stricture, prostatic hyperplasia-causes kidney distention & cysts

25
Q

Arteriosclerosis of the renal artery

A

narrowing of renal artery -> obstruction to blood flow -> renal ischemia and infarctionpredisposing factors:- high fat diet, obesity- diabetes mellitus- hypertension

26
Pyelitis
inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney, caused by bacterial infection
27
Pyelonephritis
inflammation of kidneys caused by bacterial infection-acute or chronic-chronic may lead to kidney failure-may mimic a neoplasm and form a mass like lesion
28
Pyelitis & Pyelonephritis - Causes, symptoms and complications
Caused by-kidney stones (#1)-ascending UTI-intestinal bacteria (fecal, E. coli)Symptoms-hematuria, oliguriaComplications-scaringm formation of stones & chronic kidney disease
29
Pyonephrosis
infection of the renal collecting system-pus collects in kidney pelvis-usually due to kidney infection or kidney stones-can result in kidney abscess & kidney failure
30
Nephrolithiasis = Renal Calculi
calcium deposits in kidney -> form hard kidney stones2 main types:Caused by trauma or bleeding in the kidneys-calcium surrounds blood -> small brown or black stones, jagged edgedCaused by high fat diet-calcium surrounds lipids -> larger, yellow, creamy, smooth stonesComplications-stones -> hematuria, oliguria & frequent urination-spasm and sever muscle pain (back & groin, sometimes upper back & neck)
31
Hypernephroma
Renal cell carcinoma-malignant neoplasm in lining of kidney tubules-very destructive, slowly growing-between 50 - 70 years of age, often menRisk factors-smoking-genetics-dialysis treatmentSymptoms-heavy hematuria, pain
32
Metastases of carcinoma to kidneys
kidney is NOT a usual site for metastases
33
Ureter - Carcinoma
Transitional Cell CarcinomaTransitional epithelium lining the uretersCauses unknownRisk Factors:-using over the counter pain medicines for a long time-exposure to some dyes & chemicals used to make leather goods, textiles, plastics & rubberSymptoms:-hematuria, oligura, dysuria, back pain, extreme tiredness, weight loss
34
Ureter - Ureteritis
Inflammation of the uretersCaused by:-ascending infections of the urinary tract-kidney stones pushed in ureters-neoplasmSymptoms:-hematuria, oliguria, uremiaComplication:-scar tissue, stone completely blocking ureter
35
Double Ureters
-exiting from each kidney & extending to bladder-partial or complete duplication of one or both ureters occurs in about 1 in 150 persons-obstructive problems due to abnormal flow of urine & entrance of two ureters into the bladder in close proximity
36
Urinary Bladder - Urothelial Carcinoma
Transitional cell carcinomaNeoplasm of epithelial tissue in urinary bladderhighly malignantusually in males over 60 years oldRisk factors:-cigarette smoking, chemicals, chronic cystitisSymptoms appear late:-hematuria, dysuria, nocturia
37
Urinary Bladder - Cystitis
Inflammation of the urinary bladdermore common in sexually active femalesCaused by:-ascending infections, especially in females-stones from kidneys & ureters that have fallen into the bladder-bladder cancerPredisposing factors:-pregnancy-enlarged prostate-catheters-prior history of stones
38
Urethra - Urethritis
Inflammation of the urethraCaused by:-Females; UTI from intestinal or skin bacteria-Males: STDs (gonorrhea), trauma-StonesSymptoms-burning upon urination, discharge during urinationComplications:-scar tissue (rare)
39
Acute Renal Failure
Sudden failure of kidneys to perform their functions-usually failure to drop in blood flow to kidneys, (e.g. hemorrhage, embolism, dehydration) or blockage of urine flow
40
Chronic Renal Failure
may result from glomerulonephritis, polycystic disease, pyelonephritis, long term substance abuseprogresses to end stage renal disease
41
Uremia
toxic condition caused by retention in blood of waste products normally excreted in the urine

Pathology Units 12-14 (3 decks)

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