Unit 13 Treatment of Abnormal Behavior

Question 1

What did reformers Philippe Pinel and Dorothea Dix push for?

Answer 1

More humane treatments and for the construction of mental hospitals.

Question 2

What where some ways of treating psychological disorders before reform?

Answer 2

Mix of harsh and gentle methods:

• cutting holes into heads, bled or “beat the devil” out of them.
• warm baths, massages and placed them in sunny serene environments.

Question 3

What are the categories for the type of therapies?

Answer 3

Psychotherapy and biomedical therapy

Question 4

Define psychotherapy

Answer 4

A trained therapist uses psych. techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth.
Considered “talk therapies”

Question 5

Define biomedical therapy

Answer 5

Offers medication or other biological treatment

Question 6

Define eclectic approach

Answer 6

An approach to PSYCHOTTHERAPY that, depending on client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.

Question 7

Who is known in the psychoanalytic perspective?

Answer 7

Sigmund Freud, created foundation for treating psych. disorders

Question 8

Define eclectic approach

Answer 8

Using a blend of psychotherapies

An approach to PSYCHOTTHERAPY that, depending on client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.

Question 9

What are psychologies major theories?

Answer 9

Psychodynamic, humanistic, behavioral, and cognitive

Question 10

Define psychoanalysis

Answer 10

Approach by Freud to get patients to acknowledge repressed of disowned feelings, giving them insight into the origins of their disorder. Therefore aiming to reduce growth impeding inner conflicts.

Freud’s therapeutic techniques. He believed that patient’s free association, resistances, dreams, and transferences– and therapist’s interpretations of them– released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

Question 11

What are the goals and techniques of psychoanalysis, and how have they been adapted in psychodynamic therapy?

Answer 11

• Goal is to uncover repressed feelings and use the knowledge to address the problem
• Main technique is free association, where you say anything that comes to mind, therapists analyses this and gives feedback.

Question 12

Define psychoanalysis

Answer 12

Approach by Freud to get patients to acknowledge repressed of disowned feelings, giving them insight into the origins of their disorder. Therefore aiming to reduce growth impeding inner conflicts.

Freud’s therapeutic techniques. He believed that patient’s free association, resistances, dreams, and transferences– and therapist’s interpretations of them– released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

Question 13

Define reisstance

Answer 13

In psychoanalysis, blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden (burdened) material

Question 14

Define interpretation

Answer 14

In psychoanalysis, the analyst’s (therapists) noting (acknowledging) supposed dream meanings, resistances and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.

Question 15

Define transferring

Answer 15

In psychoanalysis, projecting

Question 16

Define transferring

Answer 16

In psychoanalysis, it is projecting emotions from other relationships to your analyst.

Question 17

Define psychodynamic therapy

Answer 17

Therapy that stems from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight.

Question 18

Define interpersonal psychotherapy

Answer 18

brief(12-16) sessions, effectively treats depression
Goal is to provide relief in the here and now
Therapists focus on current relationships and how to improve patients relationship skills.

Question 19

How does humanistic therapy differ from psychoanalytic therapy?

Answer 19

• Increase self-fulfillment by helping them grow in self-awareness and acceptance.
• Promotes growth is the focus of therapy (using client instead of patient terminology)
• Growth is achieved through accountability for one’s feelings and actions
• Conscious thoughts are more important than the unconscious.
• The now and future are more important than past

Question 20

What are the specific goals and techniques of Rogers’ client-centered approach?

Answer 20

Focuses on person’s conscious self-perception
Therapists refrain from directing client towards insight, engagement is through Acceptance, Genuineness, and Empathy (AGE) so that the client can achieve self-acceptance and understanding on their own.

Question 21

What is the humanistic perspective?

Answer 21

Emphasizes ppls potential for self-fulfillment (Carl Rogers)

Question 22

Define active listening

Answer 22

Echoing, restating, and seeking clarification of what a person expresses (verbally or nonverbally) and acknowledges the feelings
(Used in Rogers client-centered therapy )

Question 23

Define active listening

Answer 23

Echoing, restating, and seeking clarification of what a person expresses (verbally or nonverbally) and acknowledges the feelings
(Used in Rogers client-centered therapy )

Question 24

What does Roger believe is the most important contribution of a therapist?

Answer 24

To accept and understand the client and provide an unconditional positive regard.

Question 25

Define unconditional positive regard.

Answer 25

A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believes will help people accept their worst traits and feel valued and whole. (self-awareness and acceptance.)

Question 26

What are the three Rogerian hints?

Answer 26

1. Paraphrase - Summarize in your own words 2. Invite clarification - Ask for examples, etc, encourage the person to say more 3. Reflect feelings - "It sounds frustrating" just mirror what you're sensing from their body language and intensity.

Question 27

Psychodynamic therapy is...

Answer 27

Influenced by traditional psychoanalysis but briefer, cheaper, and more focused on helping find relief from current symptoms.

Question 28

How does the basic assumption of behavior therapy differ from those of psychodynamic and humanistic theories?

Answer 28

Behavior therapies are NOT insight therapies. Their goal is to apply learning principles to modify problem behaviors.

Question 29

Define behavior therapy

Answer 29

Applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors - Behavior techniques view maladaptive symptoms as learned behaviors which can be replaced by constructive behaviors.

Question 30

Define counterconditioning

Answer 30

Behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.

Question 31

Define exposure therapies

Answer 31

Expose ppl to what they normally avoid/escape, little by little increasing exposure until thy overcome their fear of the fear response itself.

Question 32

Define systematic desensitization

Answer 32

Type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state w/ GRADUALLY increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. -Commonly used to treat phobias.

Question 33

What do proponents (advocates) of behavior therapy doubt?

Answer 33

They doubt the healing power of self-awareness.

Question 34

Example of classical conditioning used to "solve" a maladaptive behavior

Answer 34

Learning theorist Mowrer developed a liquid sensitive pad, when wet it would trigger an alarm and wake up a child. Children learned that relating the bladder relaxation with waking up prevents bed-wetting.

Question 35

What are two specific counter conditioning techniques?

Answer 35

Exposure therapy and aversive conditioning

Question 36

What are counterconditioning techniques used for?

Answer 36

Replacing unwanted responses.

Question 37

What are counterconditioning techniques used for?

Answer 37

Replacing unwanted responses.

Question 38

What are the different types of exposure therapies?

Answer 38

Systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy.

Question 39

Define progressive relaxation

Answer 39

Relaxing one muscle group after another, until achieving complete relaxation and comfort.

Question 40

Define progressive relaxation

Answer 40

Relaxing one muscle group after another, until achieving complete relaxation and comfort.

Question 41

Define virtual reality exposure therapy

Answer 41

Anxiety treatment that slowly exposes ppl to electronic simulations of their greatest fears -Helps ppl recreate anxiety arousing situations when real life recreation would be too expensive, difficult, or embarrassing.

Question 42

What is the goal of systematic desensitization?

Answer 42

Substituting a positive (relaxed) response for a negative (fearful) response to a HARMLESS stimulus.

Question 43

Define aversive conditioning

Answer 43

Type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state w/ an unwanted behavior.

Question 44

What is the goal of aversive conditioning

Answer 44

To substitute a negative (aversive) response for a positive response to a HARMFUL stimulus.

Question 45

What may make aversive conditioning less effective?

Answer 45

Ppls ability to discriminate between the aversive conditioning and other situations.

Question 46

What may make aversive conditioning less effective?

Answer 46

Ppls ability to discriminate between the aversive conditioning and other situations.

Question 47

What techniques are used in exposure therapies and aversive conditioning?

Answer 47

Classical conditioning techniques, including EXPOSURE THERAPIES (systematic desensitization/virtual reality exposure therapy) and aversive conditioning, attempt to change behaviors through COUNTERCONDITIONING-- evoking news responses to old stimuli that triggered unwanted behaviors.

Question 48

What is the main premise( basing theory on) of therapy based on operant conditioning principle?

Answer 48

Therapy based on operant conditioning principles uses behavior modification techniques to change unwanted behaviors through positively reinforcing desired behaviors and ignoring or punishing undesirable ones.

Question 49

How id behavior modification done?

Answer 49

Reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement for undesired ones.

Question 50

Define token economy

Answer 50

Operant conditioning procedure where ppl earn a token ( points) for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.

Question 51

What is a key distinction between behavior therapies and cognitive therapies?

Answer 51

Behavior therapies focus on what we do. | Cognitive therapies focus on what we think.

Question 52

What are the goals and techniques of cognitive therapy and of cognitive-behavior therapy?

Answer 52

To teach ppl how to think more constructively, therefore changing their reaction to situations.

Question 53

What are the views of its proponents and critics?

Answer 53

Critics question the durability of desired behaviors w/o a reward. Proponents (supporters) believe that therapists can gradually let individuals become less dependent on materialistic rewards and instead on real-life rewards or intrinsic(inborn) rewards. Critics question the ethical pov. If it is humane for one person to control another behavior. Proponents say that it may be requested by patients, also that effective treatment and an improved life balances it out.

Question 54

Define cognitive therapies

Answer 54

Therapy that teaches people new and more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

Question 55

Who it the creator of rational-emotive behavior?

Answer 55

Albert Ellis

Question 56

Define rational-emotive behavior therapy

Answer 56

(REBT) Confrontational cognitive therapy that strongly challenges ppls illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions. - Calling out ppl on their illogical/absurd way of thinking which will encourage healthier behaviors.

Question 57

What is a more gentle approach variation of Ellis REMBT?

Answer 57

Aaron Beck, cognitive therapist, suggested that gentle questions help reveal irrational thinking, and then persuade ppl to be more optimistic.

Question 58

What is stress inoculation training?

Answer 58

Teaching ppl to restructure their thinking ins stressful situations

Question 59

Define cognitive-behavioral therapy

Answer 59

CBT a integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (alter way ppl think) and behavior therapy (alter way ppl act.

Question 60

What are the aims and benefits of group and family therapy?

Answer 60

Benefits: - Saves time and money - Offers social lab to explore social behaviors and develop social skills - Provides relief b/c you're not alone w/ same problem - Provides feedback as client changes behavior

Question 61

Define group therapy

Answer 61

Therapy in groups rather than individually, promotes therapeutic benefits from the interactions

Question 62

Define family therapy

Answer 62

Therapy that treats family as system. Views individuals unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members.

Question 63

Summarize psychodynamic therapy

Answer 63

Presumed problem: Unconscious conflicts from childhood experiences Therapy Aim: Reduce anxiety through self-insight Technique: Interpret patients' memories and feelings

Question 64

Summarize client-centered therapy

Answer 64

Presumed problem: Barriers to self-understanding and self- acceptance Therapy Aim: Enable growth via unconditional + regard, genuineness, and empathy Technique: Active listening and reflect clients feelings.

Question 65

Summarize behavior therapy

Answer 65

Presumed problem: Dysfunctional behaviors Therapy Aim: Relearn adaptive behaviors; get rid of problem ones Technique: Classical conditioning (via exposure/aversion therapy) or operant conditioning (token economies)

Question 66

Summarize cognitive therapy

Answer 66

Presumed problem: -, self0 defeating thinking Therapy Aim: Promote healthier thinking and self-talk Technique: Train ppl to dispute - thoughts and attributions

Question 67

Summarize cognitive-behavioral therapy

Answer 67

Presumed problem: Self-harmful thoughts and behaviors Therapy Aim: Promote healthier thinking and adaptive behaviors Technique: Train pl to counter self-harmful thoughts and act out their new ways of thinking.

Question 68

Summarize group and family therapy

Answer 68

Presumed problem: Stressful relationships Therapy Aim: Heal relationships Technique: Develop understanding of family and other social systems, explore roles, and improve communication.

Question 69

Does psychotherapy work? Who decides?

Answer 69

Those not undergoing therapy often improve, but those undergoing therapy are more likely to improve faster and w/ less risk of relapse.

Question 70

Why aren't clinicians pov enough to justify psychotherapy effectiveness?

Answer 70

One client may leave happy, relapse, but attend a different therapist.

Question 71

Define regression toward the mean

Answer 71

Tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back toward their average.

Question 72

Who first challenged the effectiveness of psychotherapy?

Answer 72

Psychologist Hans Eysenck

Question 73

What did Eysenck say regarding effectiveness of psychotherapy?

Answer 73

2/3 of Those who are treated for nonpsychotic disorders improved but he also said that 2/3 of those untreated improved remarkably as well Time heals is an important idea here

Question 74

Define meta-analysis

Answer 74

Bottom line results of lots of studies

Question 75

What have behavioral conditioning therapies been most useful for?

Answer 75

Bed-wetting, phobias, compulsions, marital problems, and sexual dysfunctions.

Question 76

Psychodynamic therapy has helped treat...

Answer 76

depression/ anxiety

Question 77

Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral have proven to be effective with...

Answer 77

coping w/ anxiety, PTSD, and depression

Question 78

Therapy is more effective when....

Answer 78

The problem is specific | No one type of therapy is superior to all others

Question 79

Define evidence-based practice

Answer 79

Clinical decision making that combine the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics/preferences

Question 80

Define eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

Answer 80

A therapy where people recall something that gives them anxiety, a therapist will then wave something to keep their eyes moving causing them to tell the story while distracts/comforted by this making it easier (desensitization) and then they change their pov on things (reprocessing)

Question 81

Define eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

Answer 81

A therapy where people recall something that gives them anxiety, a therapist will then wave something to keep their eyes moving causing them to tell the story while distracts/comforted by this making it easier (desensitization) and then they change their pov on things (reprocessing)

Question 82

Does light therapy work?

Answer 82

Yes, light therapy is as effective and antidepressants. Works for those w/ seasonal pattern of major depression disorder by activating a brain region that influences arousal and hormones.

Question 83

What 3 elements are shared by all forms of psychotherapy?

Answer 83

Hope for demoralized people A new perspective An empathetic, trusting, caring relationship

Question 84

Define therapeutic alliance

Answer 84

A bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist/client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem.

Question 85

You can improve with or w/p therapy- T or F

Answer 85

True, but those who undergo therapy improve more/faster than those who don't

Question 86

How do culture, gender, and values influence the therapist-client relationship?

Answer 86

Culture: Difference relating to Collectivist v. individualism cultural ideas can account for a lack of therapist-client relationship Religion- Sharing religion will benefit the relationship more.