Unit 1.4 Flashcards
(54 cards)
1
Q
Three main types of cardiomyopathy
A
- Dilated
- hypertrophic
- restrictive
2
Q
Common cardiomyopathy symptoms
A
- activity intolerance
- SOB (dyspnea)
- A fib
3
Q
What is dilated cardiomyopathy?
How do you get it?
A
- Big baggy heart, dilated heart chambers
- idiopathic or genetic.
4
Q
Dilated affects heart how??
A
- too much preload
- decreased ejection fraction (left ventricle)
- failure in systole (contraction) causes decreased EF
5
Q
Manifestations of dilated cardiomyopathy
A
- dyspnea
- activity intolerance
- orthopnea
- peripheral edema
- ascites
- S3 & S4 gallop
- fatigue
- A fib
- regurgitation murmur
6
Q
Mural thrombi may happen in which kind of cardiomyopathy?
A
Dilated
is formed in Left ventricle and if breaks free may cause embolism.
7
Q
Treatment of Dilated cardiomyopathy
A
- ACE inhibitors
- diuretics
- Vasodilators
- Beta blockers
- Surgery-cardiac transplant, ventricular assist devices
8
Q
Alcohol abuse or cocaine use may cause what kind of cardiomyopathy.
A
Reversible dilated cardiomyopathy
9
Q
What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
How do you get it?
A
Thick walls, hypertrophic ventricles, small ventricular volume.
-hereditary may be secondary to HTN
10
Q
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy affects the heart how?
A
- left atrial dilation
- septal enlargement and hypertrophy
- low cardiac output
- failure in diastole
- too little preload
- increased ejection fraction
- S4 sounds
11
Q
Manifestations of hypertrophic
A
- may be asymptomatic for years
- syncope
- dyspnea
- angina
- increased BP
- A fib
- ventricular dysrhythmias
- change in mentation
12
Q
Treatment of hypertrophic
A
- Antidysrhythmics
- Calcium Channel Blockers
- Beta blockers
- Surgery to remove excess muscle in heart (myomectomy)
13
Q
- rigid ventricular walls that impair diastolic filling
- decreased cardiac output
- not good preload
- Normal ejection fraction
A
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
14
Q
How do you get restrictive cardiomyopathy
A
- infiltration
- Amyloidosis
- Sarcoidosis
15
Q
Manifestations of restrictive cardiomyopathy
A
- dyspnea
- exercise intolerance
- JV pressure increased
- S3 & S4 common
16
Q
Treatment of restrictive cardiomyopathy
A
Treat underlying causes
17
Q
Cardiomyopathy Dx tests
A
- Echocardiogram
- Chest x-ray
- Electrocardiogram
18
Q
implanted in chest
- used to correct arrhythmias
- uses electrical impulses or shocks
- Teach client about how it will feel
A
Cardioverter defibrillator OR Pacemaker
19
Q
- mechanical pump that’s used to support heart function and blood flow
- bridge to transplant originally
- now used for destination therapy
A
LVAD
Left ventricular assist device
20
Q
What is digitalis used for
A
increase heart contractility
21
Q
Which diuretic is potassium sparing
A
Spironolactone
22
Q
Which diuretic(s) is potassium wasting
A
Lasix, Thiazide (loop diuretics)
23
Q
Necessary for heart transplant to succeed
A
- same body size
- ABO compatible
- 6 hours from harvest
24
Q
Complications of heart transplant
A
- rejection
- infection
25
Teaching for heart transplant patients
- lifestyle changes r/t immunosuppressant drugs
- healthy lifestyle to avoid future atherosclerosis (typical at 10 yrs)
- may not feel heart problems
26
Why might a heart transplant patient not feel heart problems
The donor heart is denervated and not connected to recipient ANS system.
- cannot feel angina
- compensatory mechanisms are gone
27
Nursing Dx for cardiomyopathies
- Fatigue
- Fear/anxiety (client & family)
- Risk for injury (meds, orthostatic)
- activity intolerance
- deficient knowledge (sodium diet)
- Excess fluid volume (edema, measure girth)
- Decreased cardiac output
28
Invasive procedure that passes a radiopaque catheter through a large vein or artery in an arm or let to heart.
cardiac catheterization
29
most common form of imaging, radiographs use irradiation to obtain images and capture them on film for diagnostic purposes
Chest x-ray
30
Noninvasive ultrasound study of the heart.
Echocardiography
31
12 standard leads, records electrical impulses of heart via electrodes and a galvanometer.
ECG - electrocardiography
32
Test performed with a treadmill or stationary bike that will evaluate exercise tolerance. ECG leads, BP cuff & O2 monitor are attached.
Exercise testing
33
ECG leads are attached and portable recorder is used to enable continuous recording of the ECG on magnetic tape.
Holter monitor (ambulatory ECG)
34
Arterial blood is collected before & at least 10 minutes after giving 100% O2.
Hyperoxitest
35
Large dougnut-shaped cylinder. images with a magnetic field and produces images similar to a CT scan
MRI - magnetic resonance imaging
36
which test would you:
- ask about allergy to iodine, seafood, contrast dye
- NPO 6-8 hrs before test
- apply direct pressure to site 15 min. dressing 6 hr.
- bed rest for 6 hours
Cardiac catheterization
37
which test would you:
| -have kid practice holding still and holding breath
Chest x-ray
38
which test would you:
| inform kids gel would be applied to skin, but causes no pain
Echocardiogram
39
which test would you:
obtain list of current meds
-explain procedure is not painful
-teach methods to relieve anxiety
Electrocardiogram
40
which test would you:
- teach test can be stopped at any time
- report vertigo, extreme SOB, chest pain
- baseline vitals measurements before start
Exercise testing
41
which test would you:
- teach no swimming, bathing
- keep diary of any events, emotional stress
Holter monitor
42
which test would you:
| -administer O2 through plastic hood for at least 10 minutes
Hyperoxitest
43
which test would you:
- prepare child for sounds, size of equipment & tunnel.
- ensure no metallic implants
- use sedation if necessary
MRI
44
which test would you:
- perform arterial puncture
- use anesthetizing agent to reduce pain
- pressure held 5-10 min
ABG
45
which test would you:
- collect 1ml blood
- record dosage, route, time since last dose
Serum digoxin level
46
which test would you:
| -collect 5ml uncoagulated blood
ESR
47
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Manifestations
Poor weight gain, failure to thrive
Tachycardia
Cardiomegaly
Galloping rhythm
Poor perfusion
Liver and spleen enlargement
Weight gain
```
Heart Failure
48
```
Limit feeding time.
Elevate the head of the bed.
Provide uninterrupted rest.
Engage in self-limiting activities.
Provide oxygen (depending upon the lesion).
```
Decreasing Workload
| on the Heart
49
Infants heart rate, respiratory rate & metabolic rate are increased because of high pulmonary blood flow.
defects increasing pulmonary blood flow
50
Cyanosis, dyspnea, loud murmur. Skin is ruddy before cyanosis observed. Cyanosis does not respond to O2 therapy.
Defects decreasing pulmonary blood flow
51
complex defects cause varying degress of cyanosis and congestive heart failure.
Mixed defects
52
low cardiac output: dimished pulses, poor color, delayed cap refill, decreased urine output
Defect obstructing systemic blood flow
53
a procedure that does not create normal anatomic or hemodynamic results, but allows adequate blood flow
Palliative procedure
54
Nursing Dx
- risk for infection
- interrupted family processes
- decreased cardiac output
- activity intolerance
- ineffective breathing pattern
- acute pain
- risk for imbalanced fluid volume
