Unit 9- Social Psychology (8-10%)

Question 1

Mere Exposure Effect

Answer 1

familiarity breeding fondness

Question 2

Central Route Persuasion

Answer 2

attitude change path in which interested people focus on arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

Question 3

Peripheral Route Persuasion

Answer 3

Attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues such as a speaker’s attractiveness

Question 4

Richard LaPiere

Answer 4

Attitudes affect actions

Question 5

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 5

The tension we feel when our actions go against our attitudes so we often bring our attitudes into line with our actions

Question 6

Leon Festinger

Answer 6

proposed the cognitive dissonance theory

Question 7

Foot in the door phenomenon

Answer 7

Tendency for people who first complied with a smaller request to later comply with a larger one

Question 8

Door in the face phenomenon

Answer 8

Tendency for people to deny a large request right away

Question 9

Attribution Theory

Answer 9

People usually attribute others’ behavior either to their internal dispositions or to their external situations

Question 10

Fundamental Attribution error

Answer 10

overestimating the influence of personality and underestimating the influence of situations

Question 11

Harold Kelley

Answer 11

One of the pioneers of attribution theory

Question 12

False-Consensus effect

Answer 12

Tendency of people to overestimate the level to which other people share their beliefs, attitudes, behaviors.

Question 13

Self-serving bias

Answer 13

The common human tendency to attribute one’s successes to personal characteristics, and one’s failures to factors beyond one’s control

Question 14

Just-world phenomenon/bias

Answer 14

Idea that good is rewarded and evil is punished

Question 15

Stereotypes

Answer 15

a thought that can be adopted about specific types of individuals or certain ways of doing things

Question 16

Prejudice

Answer 16

unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group—often a different cultural, ethnic, or gender group

Question 17

Discrimination

Answer 17

Action(s) performed because of a prejudice

Question 18

Ethnocentrism

Answer 18

the belief that one’s own group (ethnic, social, cultural) is the most important and superior to that of others.

Question 19

Out-group homogeneity

Answer 19

one’s perception of out-group members as more similar to one another than are in-group members. “they are alike; we are diverse”.

Question 20

Attitudes

Answer 20

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose our reactions to objects, people, and events

Question 21

In-Group Bias

Answer 21

The tendency to favor “our group” (the group we share a common identity with)

Question 22

Superordinate goals

Answer 22

Shared goals between two segregated groups that overrides their differences by creating a common goal

Question 23

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 23

The principle that frustration creates anger and anger can lead to aggression

Question 24

Bystander Effect

Answer 24

The tendency for bystanders to be less likely to aid the victim when other bystanders are present

Question 25

Social Facilitation

Answer 25

An increase in performance of a well learned task in the presence of others

Question 26

Conformity

Answer 26

Adjusting ones thoughts and/or actions to coincide with the groups standards

Question 27

Solomon Asch’s Conformity Study

Answer 27

Tested conformity by having a table of confederates with a subject near the end. Simple questions are given, but when the confederates before the subject answer incorrectly, the subject is inclined to conform and give the wrong answer as well.

Question 28

Obedience

Answer 28

Compliance with an order, request, law, or an authority figure

Question 29

Stanley Milgram’s Obedience Study

Answer 29

Tested obedience by making a scenario with a teacher (subject) and a leaner (confederate). The teacher had to deliver increasingly worse shocks to the leaner when the leaner got answers wrong. The learner tot them wrong by purpose and pretended to get shocked and eventually go unconscious. The experimenter encouraged the teacher to deliver the shocks and test the teachers obedience.

Question 30

Group Norms

Answer 30

Accepted behavior of a group and its members

Question 31

Social Loafing

Answer 31

When members of a group working together put in less effort due to distributed responsibility

Question 32

Group polarization

Answer 32

Opinions and views of group members are strengthened through discussion

Question 33

Groupthink

Answer 33

When group members censor their opinions or knowledge on a topic in favor of harmony within the group

Question 34

Deindividuation

Answer 34

The loss of self-awareness and control when in a group experiencing arousal

Question 35

Philip Zimbardo’s Prison Study

Answer 35

Demonstrated that people put in toxic situations can become corrupt. Study had to be ended early because the situation deteriorated quickly.

Question 36

Factors that contribute to Altruism

Answer 36

Empathy, social exchange theory, and social responsibility

Question 37

Factors that contribute to Aggression

Answer 37

Genetics, neural like the amygdola, biochemical

Question 38

Factors that contribute to Attraction

Answer 38

Proximity, physical attractiveness, and similarity

Question 39

Social trap

Answer 39

When both sides oppose each other and pursue their purpose, but become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Question 40

Reciprocity Norm

Answer 40

The expectation that people will help others that have helped them

Question 41

Social Responsibility Norm

Answer 41

The expectation that people will help those in dependent on them

Question 42

Mirror-image perceptions

Answer 42

Mutual views held by opposing groups where one believes they are good (in group) and the others (out group) are evil

Question 43

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 43

A belief that leads to it’s own fulfillment

Question 44

Compliance

Answer 44

the effect that the words, actions, or mere presence of other people (real or imagined) have on our thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or behavior; social influence is the driving force behind compliance.

Question 45

Normative Social Influence

Answer 45

Where a person conforms to fit in with the group because they don’t want to appear foolish or be left out. Normative social influence is usually associated with compliance, where a person changes their public behavior but not their private beliefs

Question 46

Informational Social Influence

Answer 46

Where a person conforms because they have a desire to be right, and look to others who they believe may have more information. When we don’t know an answer or how to act, we look to others assuming they know more than us.