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PMTP 2 - 3rd Shift > Unit 15 > Flashcards

Unit 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

most frequently analyzed nonblood body fluid

A

urine

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2
Q

Why is urine the most commonly analyzed nonblood body fluid?

A

Because it is:
o readily available
o easy to collect
o inexpensive to test
o non-invasive

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3
Q

Analysis of urine aids in the?

A

o Diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections
o Detection and monitoring of metabolic diseases
o Determining the effectiveness or complications of a certain therapy

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4
Q

Unit of measurement for urine

A

colony forming units/ mL

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5
Q

COMMON URINE TESTS

A

ROUTINE URINALYSIS
URINE CULTURE AND SENSITIVITY
URINE CYTOLOGY STUDIES
URINE GLUCOSE AND KETONE TESTING
URINE PREGNANCY TESTING
URINE DRUG SCREENING

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6
Q

Most commonly performed urine test

A

Routine Urinalysis

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7
Q

Urine test that constitutes a random urine specimen or a first morning urine specimen

A

Routine Urinalysis

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8
Q

Urine test performed as part of pre-employment physical examinations or annual physical examinations

A

Routine Urinalysis

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9
Q

Urine test that detects urinary tract infections

A

URINE CULTURE AND SENSITIVITY

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10
Q

The culture involves placing a measured portion of urine on a special nutrient medium that encourages the growth of microorganisms, incubating it for ___-___ hours, checking it for growth, and identifying any microorganisms that grow.

A

18-24

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11
Q

In urine culture and sensitivity test:
If a microorganism is identified, a what test is further performed to determine which antibiotics will be effective against the microorganism?

A

sensitivity or antibiotic susceptibility test

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12
Q

Urine for C&S testing must be collected in a sterile
container, following what procedures to ensure that the specimen is free of contaminating matter from the external genital areas?

A

midstream clean-catch procedures

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13
Q

Urine test that detects cancer, cytomegalovirus and other viral and inflammatory disease of the urinary system

A

URINE CYTOLOGY STUDIES

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14
Q

What type of specimen is requested for urine cytology studies?

A

clean-catch specimen

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15
Q

In urine cytology studies:
If a delay is unavoidable, the specimen can be preserved by the addition of an equal volume of ___% alcohol.

A

50

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16
Q

Urine test that screens for diabetes and monitoring of glucose and ketone levels in diabetics

A

URINE GLUCOSE AND KETONE TESTING

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17
Q

T/F:
Glucose and ketone are directly proportional to each other.

A

False;
● Inversely proportional to each other
o high glucose: low ketones
o low glucose: high ketones

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18
Q

Urine pregnancy testing:
Pregnancy can be confirmed by testing urine for the presence of what hormone?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

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19
Q

a hormone produced by cells within the developing placenta, that appears in serum and urine approximately 8 to 10 days after conception, or fertilization.

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

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20
Q

What types of specimen can be used for urine pregnancy testing?

A

First morning specimen: preferred
(because it is typically more concentrated and would therefore have the highest HCG concentration)

Random urine specimen: can also be used

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21
Q

Urine drug screening is performed to detect illicit use of:

A

o recreational drugs
o anabolic steroids to enhance performance in sports
o unwarranted use of prescription drugs

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22
Q

Also used to monitor therapeutic drug use in order to minimize withdrawal symptoms and to confirm a diagnosis of drug overdose

A

URINE DRUG SCREENING

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23
Q

T/F:
Many drugs can be detected in the urine, but not in the blood.

A

True

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24
Q

An important, authorized movement performed to ensure proper urine collection for drug screening test

A

chain of custody

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25
TYPES OF URINE SPECIMENS
RANDOM FIRST MORNING/ 8-HOUR SPECIMEN FASTING TIMED
26
Type of urine specimen collected at any time of the day
Random
27
Random urine specimen is used for what types of tests?
routine urinalysis screening tests
28
Best type of urine specimen
FIRST MORNING/ 8-HOUR SPECIMEN
29
Other terms for FIRST MORNING/ 8-HOUR SPECIMEN
first voided overnight early morning specimen
30
First morning or 8-hour specimen's specific gravity: higher or lower?
Higher SG (more concentrated)
31
Type of urine specimen typically used for glucose monitoring
Fasting
32
How does fasting specimen differ from first morning urine specimen?
It differs from a first morning specimen in that the specimen is the second specimen voided after a period of fasting. (This helps assure that the specimen will not be affected by food consumed prior to fasting.)
33
Type of urine specimen collected for some tests that require individual urine specimens collected at specific times.
Timed
34
Types of timed urine specimens
TOLERANCE TEST SPECIMEN 2-HOUR POSTPRANDIAL SPECIMEN 24-HOUR URINE SPECIMEN DOUBLE VOIDED SPECIMEN
35
What specific test requires individual urine specimens collected serially at specific times that correspond with the timing of blood collection, such as fasting, 1/2 hour, 1 hour, and so on.
Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) (Tolerance test urine specimen is used)
36
Type of timed urine specimen collected 2 hours after a meal and tested for glucose
2-HOUR POSTPRANDIAL SPECIMEN
37
Type of time urine specimen primarily used to monitor the insulin therapy of patients with diabetes mellitus
2-HOUR POSTPRANDIAL SPECIMEN
38
Type of timed urine specimen collected to allow quantitative analysis of a urine analyte
24-HOUR URINE SPECIMEN
39
What test is performed using 24-hour urine specimen
Creatinine clearance
40
Explain the collection and transport process for 24-hour urine specimen
Day 1: First morning urine - voided Urine for the rest of the day - collected Day 2: First morning urine - collected Transport to the laboratory within 1 to 2 hours in ice.
41
Rarest type of timed urine specimen
DOUBLE VOIDED SPECIMEN
42
Type of timed urine specimen that requires emptying the bladder and then waiting a specified amount of time (typically 30 minutes) before collecting the specimen.
Double voided specimen
43
Type of timed urine specimen that is most commonly used to test urine for glucose and ketones
Double voided specimen
44
URINE COLLECTION METHODS
REGULAR VOIDED MIDSTREAM CLEAN-CATCH CATHETERIZED SUPRAPUBIC ASPIRATION
45
Urine collection method that requires no special patient preparation and is collected by having the patient void (urinate) into a clean urine container.
Regular voided
46
Best urine collection method
Midstream Clean-Catch
47
Explain the process of urine collection for midstream clean-catch
Special cleaning of the genital area is required before the specimen is collected. Collected in a sterile container and yields a specimen that is suitable for microbial analysis or culture and sensitivity testing ● First urine flow: voided ● Mid part of the urine flow: collected
48
Why are clean-catch procedures necessary?
to ensure that the specimen is free of contaminating matter from the external genital areas o Free of: ▪ genital secretions ▪ pubic hair ▪ bacteria surrounding the urinary opening
49
Urine collection method wherein urine is collected from a sterile catheter inserted through the urethra into the bladder
Catheterized
50
Catheterized urine specimen is collected on:
o babies to obtain a specimen for C&S o female patients to prevent vaginal contamination of the specimen o bedridden patients when serial specimen collections are needed
51
Urine collection method that involves inserting a needle directly into the urinary bladder and aspirating (withdrawing by suction) the urine directly from the bladder into a sterile syringe
SUPRAPUBIC ASPIRATION
52
STEPS INVOLVED IN ROUTINE URINALYSIS
PHYSICAL ANALYSIS CHEMICAL ANALYSIS MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS
53
Examination of urine for physical analysis
o macroscopic observation o notation of color, clarity, and odor, o measurements of volume and specific gravity (SG) or osmolality
54
What does specific gravity and osmolality of urine indicate?
concentration
55
Chemical analysis can detect what parameters?
o bacteria o bilirubin o blood (red blood cells and hemoglobin) o glucose o ketones o leukocytes o nitrite o protein o urobilinogen o measure pH and specific gravity
56
Chemical analysis is performed using?
chemical reagent strip
57
In the Philippines, getting a positive result in glucose and protein indicates that a manual chemical testing should be done. What are these tests?
o glucose – Benedict’s test o protein – sulfosalicylic acid test
58
What type of analysis identifies urine components such as cells, crystals, and microorganisms by examining a sample of urine sediment under a microscope
Microscopic analysis
59
Enumerate the procedures for microscopic analysis
o Perform centrifugation at 2500-3500 rpm for 5 minutes after chemical testing o A measured portion of urine is centrifuged in a special plastic tube. o The supernatant is discarded. o A drop of the remaining sediment is placed either on a glass slide and covered with a coverslip or placed in a special chamber. o It is then examined under the microscope by a laboratory technologist or technician.
60
Volume of urine required for testing
10-15 mL stored in a 50-mL container
61
Determine the clarity/ turbidity of the urine: No visible particulates, transparent
Clear
62
Determine the clarity/ turbidity of the urine: Few particulates, print easily seen through urine
Hazy
63
Determine the clarity/ turbidity of the urine: Many particulates, print blurred through urine
Cloudy
64
Determine the clarity/ turbidity of the urine: Print cannot be seen through urine
Turbid
65
Determine the clarity/ turbidity of the urine: Many precipitate or be clotted
Milky
66
Why should the chemical reagent strip not exposed to air?
It absorbs moisture or humidity and can alter test results.
67
Urine centrifugation: ____ RCF ___ minutes
400 RCF 5 minutes
68
What process involved discarding the supernatant or top portion of the specimen?
Decantation
69
In preparing the sediment, mix the remaining sediment and place ___ microliters of it on glass slide covered with a cover slip.
20
70
Examine the slide under a microscope for a minute of ___ fields under both LPO and HPO.
10

PMTP 2 - 3rd Shift (5 decks)

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