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science > Unit 15: Transport System in Living Things > Flashcards

Unit 15: Transport System in Living Things Flashcards

1
Q

Main Topics

A
  • Circulation of Blood
  • Pulmonary (to lungs)
  • Coronary (to heart)
  • Systemic (to rest of body)
  • Structure of the Heart
  • Blood vessels associated with the Heart
  • Pathway of blood through the Heart
  • Cardiac Cycle
  • Blood Vessels
  • Diffusion b/w body cells and blood capillaries
  • Arteries (away from heart)
  • Veins (to heart)
  • Capillaries (where diffusion takes place)
  • Blood & its Components
  • Plasma
  • Red Blood Cells
  • White Blood Cells
    o Lymphocytes & Phagocytes
  • Platelets
  • Diffusion & Osmosis
  • Transport System in Plants
  • Diffusion & Osmosis in Plants (Photosynthesis, Respiration and Absorption of water from roots)
  • Health, Social & Ethical Issues
  • Coronary Heart Disease
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2
Q

Circulation of Blood
5pt - paths

A
  • Blood circulates in three paths – Pulmonary, Systemic and Coronary Circulation
  • Pulmonary: from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
  • Systemic: from the heart to the rest of the body and back to the heart
  • Coronary: from the heart to the tissues of the heart and back to heart
  • In the lungs, blood collects oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood is now rich in oxygen and is called oxygenated blood (red).
  • Blood carries oxygen to the rest of the body. After giving up its oxygen
    to all the cells, it has little oxygen. This blood is called deoxygenated blood (blue).
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3
Q

Coronary Circulation 1pt

A
  • The right and left coronary arteries branch off from the aorta to carry oxygen and glucose to the heart muscles (cardiac muscles).
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4
Q

Circulatory System
4pt

A
  • The circulatory system works with other body systems such as the digestive and respiratory system.
  • Food passes from the digestive system into the blood.
  • Oxygen is taken in by the lungs (the main organs in the respiratory system) and enters the blood.
  • The circulatory system carries the food and oxygen to all cells of the body.
  • Blood passes through the heart twice as it moves from the pulmonary circulation (between the heart and lungs) and into the systemic circulation (between the heart and the rest of the body).
  • This is a double circulation.
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5
Q

Types of veins:

A

Pulmonary Vein (from lungs to heart)
Vena Cava (main vein, from cells t/w heart)

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6
Q

Types of arteries:

A

Pulmonary Artery (frm heart t/w lungs)
Aorta (from heart t/w cells; biggest blood vessel)

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7
Q

Blood Vessels

3-4pt

A
  • Blood circulates through the circulatory system in tubes known as the blood vessels.
  • There are 3 types of blood vessels:
  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
  • Veins carry blood to the heart.
  • Capillaries are fine network of tiny tubes linking arterioles and venules.
  • Artery branches into numerous arterioles (smaller arteries).
  • Arterioles branch into a network of smaller vessels known as capillaries.
  • Food and oxygen pass from capillaries to the cells.
  • Carbon dioxide and other waste substances pass from the cells to the capillaries.
  • The capillaries drain the blood into venules (smaller veins) and these venules join to form veins.
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8
Q

Diffusion between body cells and blood capillaries

2-3pt

A
  • Arterial blood – has oxygen and food
  • Venous blood – has CO2 and waste products
  • Tissue fluid is a colourless fluid found in the tiny spaces between cells.
  • Digested food molecules, such as glucose and amino acids, and oxygen move from blood in blood capillaries into tissue fluid into cells by diffusion.
  • Waste products, such as carbon dioxide and urea released by cells move into the tissue fluid by diffusion through the capillary walls into blood carried to excretory organs for removal.
  • Capillary network made of capillaries increases surface area for more efficient exchange of substances between blood and cells.
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9
Q

Blood Vessels
types of blood vessels
3pt

A
  • There are 3 types of blood vessels:
  • Arteries: carries blood away from the heart
  • Veins: allows for the exchange of materials between blood and tissue
  • Capillaries: carries blood towards the heart
  • Blood leaving the heart is under very high pressure. By the time the blood has reached the capillaries it is under very much lower pressure.
  • The differences in blood pressure account for the differences in the wall structure of arteries and veins.
  • Both arteries and veins have walls made of muscular and elastic tissues but the walls of arteries are very much thicker than those of the veins.
  • Veins have valves at regular interval to prevent back flow of blood.
  • Capillaries consist of a single layer of cells and they are tiny in cross section when compared with the arteries and veins.
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10
Q

Arteries (3pt)

A

Arteries
* Transport oxygenated blood from the heart to other organs in the body (aorta - main artery).
* Have thick muscular walls to withstand the high pressure of blood coming from heart
* Thick muscles contract and relax to cause constriction and dilation of the artery respectively to control the high blood flow.

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11
Q

Veins (3pt)

A

Veins
* Transport deoxygenated blood from other organs back to the heart (vena cava - main vein)
* Have relatively thin muscular walls as flow of blood is slower and hence blood pressure is lower compared to arteries.
* Veins have valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards (backflow).
- Valves are foldings of the inner walls of the veins.

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12
Q

Capillaries (3pt)

A
  • The wall consists of a single layer of cells and the walls are selectively permeable.
  • Capillary network increases surface area and total cross sectional-area for more efficient exchange of substances between blood and cells.
  • Refer to diffusion b/w body cells and blood capillaries for the exchange of materials!
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13
Q

Artery Function
1pt

A
  • Carries blood away from the heart
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14
Q

Artery Structure
3pt
thickness of wall, lumen & valves

A
  • Thick muscular wall
  • Small lumen
  • Valves are absent
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15
Q

Artery Blood Pressure & Speed of Blood Flow
2pt

A
  • Highest pressure
  • Blood flows rapidly (fastest)
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16
Q

Artery
How the structure is related to its function
2pt

A
  • Thick muscular walls allows the arteries to withstand the high pressure of blood flowing through it
  • Elastic wall to push blood in spurts along the artery & give rise to the pulse
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17
Q

Vein Function
1pt

A
  • Carries blood towards the heart
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18
Q

Vein Structure
3pt
thickness of wall, lumen & valves

A
  • Thin muscular wall
  • Large lumen
  • Valves are present
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19
Q

Vein Blood Pressure & Speed of Blood Flow
2pt

A
  • Lowest pressure
  • Blood flows slower than artery; higher than capillary
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20
Q

Vein
How the structure is related to its function
2pt

A
  • Muscular wall is thinner than arteries as blood is carried at low pressure
  • Valves are present to prevent backflow of blood & to maintain blood flow in 1 direction
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21
Q

Capillary Function
2pt

A
  • Allows the exchange of substances between blood and body cells via diffusion
  • Links arteries and veins
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22
Q

Capillary Structure
3pt
thickness of wall, lumen & valves

A
  • One-cell thick wall
  • Lumen is narrow, the size of 1 RBC
  • Valves are absent
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23
Q

Capillary Blood Pressure & Speed of Blood Flow
2pt

A
  • Lower pressure than artery; higher than vein
  • Blood flows slowly
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24
Q

Capillary
How the structure is related to its function
1pt

A
  • One-cell thick wall allows efficient exchange of substances between the blood and the body cells via diffusion
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25
Q

Blood and its Components
4-5pt

A
  • Blood acts as a transport medium carrying various substances:
    soluble food substances, waste products (e.g. urea and carbon dioxide), hormones, thermal energy and oxygen.
  • Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. These are suspended in a pale-yellow liquid called plasma.
  • Red blood cells (role of haemoglobin in oxygen transport)
  • Plasma (transport of blood cells, ions, soluble food substances, hormones, carbon dioxide, urea, vitamins and plasma proteins)
  • White blood cells (role in phagocytosis, antibody formation and tissue rejection)
  • Platelets (role in blood clotting)
  • White blood cells & plasma (antibodies) help in the protection of cells!
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26
Q

Transport of Oxygen to body cells
4pt

A
  • Blood passes through lungs, oxygen diffuses from the air sacs in the lungs into the blood.
  • Haemoglobin combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin.
  • Blood transports oxygen to all the tissues of the body.
  • At the tissue cells, oxyhaemoglobin releases the oxygen.
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27
Q

Plasma
1pt

A
  • transport of blood cells, ions, soluble food substances, hormones, carbon dioxide, urea, vitamins and plasma proteins.
  • About 90% water in which the following are dissolved and transported:
  • proteins such as plasma proteins and antibodies;
  • mineral salts such as chlorides, calcium and sodium;
  • soluble food substances such as glucose, amino acids and fats;
  • waste products such as urea and carbon dioxide
  • hormones
28
Q

Red Blood Cells 5pt

A

Red Blood Cells
* Constitute 99% cells in the blood. Produced in the bone marrow, Destroyed at the spleen, Limited lifespan of 120 days.
* Red blood cells are found in the blood of humans and play a role in the transport of oxygen.

Structure
Diagram Function

Contains haemoglobin (a red pigment)
Haemoglobin combines with oxygen easily and this helps absorb oxygen quickly and transport around the body

Does not contain a nucleus
To contain more haemoglobin for transport of more oxygen

Biconcave shape
This shape increases surface area to volume ratio of the cell, increasing rate of diffusion of oxygen in and out of the cell

Elastic
to change shape and easily squeeze through blood capillaries (which can be smaller than diameter of red blood cell)

29
Q

Red Blood Cells
Contains haemoglobin (a red pigment)

A

Haemoglobin combines with oxygen easily and this helps absorb oxygen quickly and transport around the body

30
Q

Red Blood Cells
Does not contain a nucleus

A

To contain more haemoglobin for transport of more oxygen

31
Q

Red Blood Cells
Biconcave shape

A

This shape increases surface area to volume ratio of the cell, increasing rate of diffusion of oxygen in and out of the cell

32
Q

Red Blood Cells
Elastic

A

to change shape and easily squeeze through blood capillaries (which can be smaller than diameter of red blood cell)

33
Q

White Blood Cells

4pt

A
  • Mobile – they are able to move, change their shape and squeeze through walls of thinnest blood capillaries.
  • Limited lifespan of a few days although they have a nucleus.
  • Colourless as they do not contain haemoglobin.
  • Irregular in shape and contain a nucleus each.
  • There are 2 types of white blood cells: Lymphocytes and Phagocytes
34
Q

White Blood Cells
Lymphocytes
2pt, 3subpt

A
  • Large rounded nucleus
  • Produce antibodies against microorganisms
  • Antibodies
    o Antibodies bind to bacteria and cause their surface membranes to rupture.
    o Bacterial cells clump together in the presence of antibodies.
    o Toxins produced by bacteria are neutralized by antibodies.
35
Q

White Blood Cells
Phagocytes
3pt, 2subpt

A

Phagocytes
* Lobed nucleus
* Able to ingest foreign particles
* Phagocytosis: the process of engulfing and ingesting foreign particles (e.g. bacteria by phagocytes (a type of white blood cells)).
- Phagocytes
o Engulf (swallow) foreign particles such as bacteria.
o The bacteria are ingested and digested in the phagocyte.

36
Q

Platelets (3pt)
Clotting process (2pt)

A

Platelets
* Not true cells.
* Fragments of cytoplasm which are membrane-bound.
* Important for the clotting of blood.

The Clotting Process
* Blood clots when exposed to air.
* This seals the wound, prevents the entry of bacteria and further loss of blood.

37
Q

Diffusion (2pt, 4subpt)

A

Diffusion
* Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached.

  • The rate of diffusion is affected by:
  • Concentration gradient
    o Concentration gradient is the difference in concentration between two regions.
    o The movement of fluid particles is random.
    o Particles will diffuse down their concentration gradient.
    o The steeper the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion.
  • Diffusion Distance
  • Surface Area to Volume Ratio
38
Q

Definition of Diffusion?

A
  • Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached.
39
Q

What is the rate of diffusion affected by:
3pt

A
  • The rate of diffusion is affected by:
  • Concentration gradient
    o Concentration gradient is the difference in concentration between two regions.
    o The movement of fluid particles is random.
    o Particles will diffuse down their concentration gradient.
    o The steeper the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion.
  • Diffusion Distance
  • Surface Area to Volume Ratio
40
Q

Permeability of Membranes (4pt)

A
  • Permeability of Membranes
  • Impermeable: Does not allow particles to pass through.
  • Permeable: Allows particles to pass through.
  • Semi-Permeable = Partially Permeable: Allows particles of a certain size (and/or charge) to pass through (Usually applies to passive control by non-living membranes)
  • Selectively Permeable: Controls and allows only selected particles to pass through (Usually applies to active control by living membranes)
41
Q

Osmosis (4pt)

A
  • Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules from a solution of higher water potential to a solution of lower water potential, through a selectively permeable membrane.
  • A partially permeable membrane allows some substances to pass through but not others.
  • High water potential means that the solution has more free water molecules compared to a solution with low water potential.
  • A dilute solution has a higher water potential compared to a concentrated solution.
  • The term water potential can only be used when comparing between two liquid environments.
  • A water potential gradient is established when a partially permeable membrane separates two solutions of different water potentials.
  • A cell immersed in a solution with the same water potential as its cytoplasm will not change its size or shape.
42
Q

Definition of Osmosis?

A
  • Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules from a solution of higher water potential to a solution of lower water potential, through a selectively permeable membrane.
  • A partially permeable membrane allows some substances to pass through but not others.
43
Q

Transport System in Plants
6pt, 2subpt

A
  • The transport system in flowering plants is used to transport water, minerals and nutrients (such as sugar) to all cells in the plant.
  • The transport system is made up of vessels in the roots, stems and leaves.
  • There are two types of vessels:
  • Xylem (water-carrying tubes)
    o Transport water & mineral salts from roots to all parts of the plant, ↑ direction
  • Phloem (food-carrying tubes)
    o Transport glucose (food) made in leaves to all parts of the plant, ↓ direction
  • The xylem and phloem work together to ensure that all cells in the plant get the necessary sugar (via the phloem), water and minerals (via the xylem).
44
Q

Function of Xylem?

A
  • Xylem (water-carrying tubes)
    o Transport water & mineral salts from roots to all parts of the plant, ↑ direction
    o located on the inner side of the vascular bundle
45
Q

Function of Phloem?

A
  • Phloem (food-carrying tubes)
    o Transport glucose (food) made in leaves to all parts of the plant, ↓ direction
    o located on the outer side of the vascular bundle
46
Q

Diffusion and Osmosis in Plants (8pt)

A
  • During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide diffuses from the air into the cells of the leaves.
  • The oxygen produced diffuses from the cells in the leaves into the air.
  • Photosynthesis: CO2 + H2O → O2 + glucose (food) (in presence of light & chlorophyll)
  • During respiration, oxygen diffuses from the air into the stomata of the leaves.
  • The carbon dioxide produced diffuses from the cells in the leaves into the air via the stomata.
  • Respiration: glucose (food) + O2 → CO2 + H2O (24/7)
  • Water enters the root hair cells from the soil by osmosis.
  • Dissolved minerals diffuse into the root hair cells.
47
Q

Photosynthesis in plants (process, 3pt)

A
  • During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide diffuses from the air into the cells of the leaves.
  • The oxygen produced diffuses from the cells in the leaves into the air.
  • Photosynthesis: CO2 + H2O → O2 + glucose (food) (in presence of light & chlorophyll)
48
Q

Respiration in plants (process, 3pt)

A
  • During respiration, oxygen diffuses from the air into the stomata of the leaves.
  • The carbon dioxide produced diffuses from the cells in the leaves into the air via the stomata.
  • Respiration: glucose (food) + O2 → CO2 + H2O (24/7)
49
Q

Absorption of water in plants (process) 2pt

A
  • Water enters the root hair cells from the soil by osmosis.
  • Dissolved minerals diffuse into the root hair cells.
50
Q

Root Hair Cell
Function?
3pt

A

Root hair cells are found in the root of the plant to absorb water and mineral salts from the soil.

Structure
Function

Has a long and narrow extension
This increases the surface area to volume ratio for the root cell to absorb water and mineral salts at a faster rate.

51
Q

Root Hair Cell
Has a long and narrow extension
Function?

A

Has a long and narrow extension
This increases the surface area to volume ratio for the root cell to absorb water and mineral salts at a faster rate.

52
Q

Pulmonary & Systemic Circulation - pressure of blood in both when blood is pumped in? (2pt)

A
  • Blood enters the pulmonary circulation at a low pressure, ensuring sufficient time for blood to be fully oxygenated before returning to the heart (heart to lungs)
  • Blood is pumped into the systemic circulation at a high pressure, ensuring oxygenated blood is quickly distributed to all the tissues in the body (heart to rest of body).
53
Q

Structure of the heart (3 or 6pt)

A
  • Roughly conical shape
  • Lies between lungs and behind chest-bone
  • Consists of four chambers: two atria and two ventricles

LHS - Right atrium, right ventricle (blue)
RHS - left atrium, left ventricle (red)

Atria
have relatively thinner walls to force blood into the ventricles.

Left ventricle
has thicker muscular walls than the right ventricle as it has to pump blood into the systemic circulation.

Right ventricle
has relatively thick muscular walls to move blood into the pulmonary circulation.

54
Q

Thickness of walls of atria (left n right atrium), left ventricle and right ventricle? (3pt)

A

Atria
have relatively thinner walls to force blood into the ventricles.

Left ventricle
has thicker muscular walls than the right ventricle as it has to pump blood into the systemic circulation.

Right ventricle
has relatively thick muscular walls to move blood into the pulmonary circulation.

55
Q

Blood Vessels Associated with the Heart
Synonyms? (3pt)

A
  • Semilunar valves refer to the pulmonary & aortic valves
  • Synonyms:
  • pulmonic valve = pulmonary valve
  • biscuspid valve = mitral valve
  • Atrioventricular valves refer to the tricuspid (right) and mitral valves (bicuspid; left)
56
Q

Cardiac Cycle
Phase & Events
(3) & (2 3 4)

A

Phase
Events

  1. Atrial Systole
    * Atrial walls contract. Blood pressure increases in both atria.
    * Atrioventricular valves (bicuspid and tricuspid valves) are pushed opened and blood flows into the ventricles.
  2. Ventricular Systole
    * Ventricular walls contract. Blood pressure increases in both ventricles.
    * Atrioventricular valves are closed and semilunar valves are opened. Blood is pushed out into the aorta and pulmonary artery.
    * Atrial walls relax as ventricles contract.
  3. Atrial & Ventricular Diastole
    * Atrial and ventricular walls are relaxed. The pressure in both atria and ventricles are low.
    * The semilunar valves shut as there is a passive flow of blood from the veins into the atria.
    * Atria receive blood from vena cava and pulmonary vein.
    * The cycle repeats itself.
57
Q

Cardiac Cycle
Phase & Events
Phase 1 (2pt)

A
  1. Atrial Systole
    * Atrial walls contract. Blood pressure increases in both atria.
    * Atrioventricular valves (bicuspid and tricuspid valves) are pushed opened and blood flows into the ventricles.
58
Q

Cardiac Cycle
Phase & Events
Phase 2 (3pt)

A
  1. Ventricular Systole
    * Ventricular walls contract. Blood pressure increases in both ventricles.
    * Atrioventricular valves are closed and semilunar valves are opened. Blood is pushed out into the aorta and pulmonary artery.
    * Atrial walls relax as ventricles contract.
59
Q

Cardiac Cycle
Phase & Events
Phase 3 (4pt)

A
  1. Atrial & Ventricular Diastole
    * Atrial and ventricular walls are relaxed. The pressure in both atria and ventricles are low.
    * The semilunar valves shut as there is a passive flow of blood from the veins into the atria.
    * Atria receive blood from vena cava and pulmonary vein.
    * The cycle repeats itself.
60
Q

Xylem Tissue - Function (1pt)

A

Xylem vessels are found in plants. They transport water and mineral salts up the plant and provide mechanical support to the plant.

61
Q

Xylem Tissue - structure and function (2pt, 2function)

A

Dead cells with long hollow tubes, without cross walls and does not have protoplasm (typical parts of a cell)
- To allow the transport of water upwards quickly and without resistance

Xylem vessel wall is deposited with lignin
- To provide mechanical support to the plant and prevent collapse of xylem vessels

62
Q

Xylem Tissue - structure and function
Dead cells with long hollow tubes, without cross walls and does not have protoplasm (typical parts of a cell)

A

To allow the transport of water upwards quickly and without resistance

63
Q

Xylem Tissue - structure and function
Xylem vessel wall is deposited with lignin

A

To provide mechanical support to the plant and prevent collapse of xylem vessels

64
Q

Health, Social & Ethical Issues
Coronary Heart Disease

A
  • Like the rest of the body, the muscle tissues of the heart need oxygen and glucose for respiration.
  • The tissues of the heart are supplied by the coronary arteries.
  • Coronary heart disease occurs when there is occlusion / blockage or narrowing of coronary arteries
  • Blood supply to heart muscles is greatly reduced.
  • It can lead to angina (chest pain) and heart attack.
  • Heart attack – Due to insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscles, the heart muscles do not receive sufficient oxygen and glucose. The heart muscle dies and can no longer pump blood to the various part of the body.
  • Fatty substances such as cholesterol and saturated fats deposit on the inner surface of the coronary arteries. This is known as atherosclerosis (buildup of fatty substances on inner surfaces of coronary arteries).
  • This narrows the lumen of arteries and develops a rough surface for an increased risk of a blood clot being formed in the artery.
  • The narrowing reduced the supply of blood to the heart muscles & there was insufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients/glucose to the heart muscles
  • The formation of a blood clot in an artery is called a thrombosis, which can completely cut off blood supply to the heart muscles.
  • Factors That Increase Risk of Atherosclerosis
  • A high-fat diet rich in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and saturated animal fats
  • Emotional stress
  • Smoking
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Preventive Measures Against Coronary Heart Disease
  • A proper diet which is low in cholesterol and saturated animal fats. Polyunsaturated plant fats can be used to replace saturated animal fats.
  • Proper stress management
  • Avoid smoking as cigarette smoke contains nicotine and carbon monoxide.
  • Nicotine increase blood pressure and the risk of blood clotting in the coronary arteries
  • Carbon monoxide increases the risk of fatty deposits on the inner surfaces of the arteries.
  • Regular physical exercise strengthens the heart and maintains the elasticity of the arterial walls. This can reduce the risk of high blood pressure and coronary heart disease.
65
Q

Health, Social & Ethical Issues
Coronary Heart Disease
How does heart attack occur? (4pt)

A
  • Heart attack – Due to insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscles, the heart muscles do not receive sufficient oxygen and glucose. The heart muscle dies and can no longer pump blood to the various part of the body.
  • Fatty substances such as cholesterol and saturated fats deposit on the inner surface of the coronary arteries. This is known as atherosclerosis (buildup of fatty substances on inner surfaces of coronary arteries).
  • This narrows the lumen of arteries and develops a rough surface for an increased risk of a blood clot being formed in the artery.
  • The narrowing reduced the supply of blood to the heart muscles & there was insufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients/glucose to the heart muscles
  • The formation of a blood clot in an artery is called a thrombosis, which can completely cut off blood supply to the heart muscles.
66
Q

Health, Social & Ethical Issues
Coronary Heart Disease
What is atherosclerosis?

A
  • Fatty substances such as cholesterol and saturated fats deposit on the inner surface of the coronary arteries. This is known as atherosclerosis (buildup of fatty substances on inner surfaces of coronary arteries).
  • This narrows the lumen of arteries and develops a rough surface for an increased risk of a blood clot being formed in the artery.
  • The narrowing reduced the supply of blood to the heart muscles & there was insufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients/glucose to the heart muscles
67
Q

Health, Social & Ethical Issues
Coronary Heart Disease
What is thrombosis?

A
  • The formation of a blood clot in an artery is called a thrombosis, which can completely cut off blood supply to the heart muscles.

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