Unit 16 - Human Reproduction 2 Flashcards
(23 cards)
How do oestrogen pills work to prevent pregnancy?
Oestrogen pills inhibit FSH which stops the egg from maturing
How do progesterone pills work to prevent pregnancy?
Progesterone pills cause a sticky mucus to form at the cervix which prevents the sperm from fertilising the egg
Give 4 different types of birth control
- Natural methods
- Barriers
- Chemicals
- Surgical methods
Give 2 examples of natural methods of birth control
- Abstinence (refraining from sex)
- Monitoring temperature and cervical mucus levels to predict ovulation
Give 2 examples of barriers that act as birth control
- Condoms - Can be male or female condoms and prevent the sperm from entering the vagina
- Diaphragm - A silicone dome shaped object that is inserted into the vagina to cover the cervix (usually used alongside chemical methods)
Give 5 examples of chemical methods of birth control
- IUD
- IUS
- Contraceptive pill
- Implant
- Injection
Briefly describe the use of an IUD as a contraceptive device
Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are small copper-coated tubes in a T shape inserted into the wall of the uterus that prevent sperm from reaching the egg and the copper works to kill the sperm
Describe the use of an IUS as a contraceptive device
- Similar to IUD. An IUS is T-shaped and releases the hormone progesterone slowly.
- The progestrone thickenss the cervical mucus and thin the womb lining which prevents ovulation
Describe the use of an implant as a contraceptive device
- The implant is a small matchstick sized device
- Inserted into the upper arm
- It releases progestogen into the bloodstream which prevents ovulation
How does the contraceptive pill work?
- It contains artificial versions of oestrogen and progesterone which prevent pregnancy
- Prevents ovulation
- Thickens mucus
- Alters womb lining
How does the contraceptive injection prevent pregnancy?
It releases progesterone into the bloodstream which prevents ovulation
State 2 surgical methods of contraception
- Vasectomy
- Female sterilisation
How does a vasectomy work to prevent pregnancy?
The vas deferens are cut or tied which prevents sperm from being released from the testicles into the urethra
How does female sterilisation work?
- The fallopian tubes are blocked by clips or rings or they are cut
- This prevents the release of an egg from the ovaries
Describe artificial insemination (AI)
Sperm are placed within a woman’s uterus using a catheter
Describe how IVF is carried out
- The mother is given FSH
- Sperm from the father and eggs from the mother are collected
- The egg is fertilised in a laboratory and allowed to develop into an embryo
- The embryo is then put into the mother’s uterus
Define sexually transmitted infection (STI)
An infection caused by a pathogen that is transmitted through bodily fluids, usually involving sexual contact
Give an example of an STI
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
State 3 ways of preventing the spread of STIs
- Wearing condoms during sex
- Educating people about STIs and wearing protection during sex
- Don’t share needles
How is HIV spread?
Through bodily fluids
What can HIV infection lead to?
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome)
How does HIV affect the immune system?
- Decreased lymphocyte numbers
- White blood cells have a reduced ability to produce antibodies
Disadvantages of Artificial Insemination
- Some people have religous or moral objections against it
- The Child can never know his or her father and there may be legal problems about the legitimacy of the child in some countries
