Unit Flashcards
(69 cards)
1
Q
What are the two basic types of cells based on the presence of a nucleus?
A
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
2
Q
Do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?
A
No
3
Q
Do eukaryotic cells have a nucleus?
A
Yes
4
Q
What type of cells are blood cells classified as?
A
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
5
Q
What type of cells are our body cells classified as?
A
Eukaryotic
6
Q
Do viruses belong to any group of cells?
A
No
7
Q
What are viruses primarily made of?
A
Genetic material and capsule/membrane
8
Q
To reproduce, viruses need a _______.
A
[host]
9
Q
What is a key characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
A
They do not have a nucleus
10
Q
What is a key characteristic of eukaryotic cells?
A
They have a nucleus
11
Q
What is biochemistry?
A
The chemistry of living things
12
Q
What are the four major chemical components of cells?
A
- Lipids
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
13
Q
What are lipids?
A
Oils and fats
14
Q
What are carbohydrates?
A
Sugars and starches
15
Q
What are proteins?
A
Enzymes and fibers
16
Q
What are nucleic acids?
A
RNA and DNA
17
Q
What is the role of water in cells?
A
It is the solvent that provides the environment for all biological reactions
18
Q
What are trace elements in cells?
A
Substances that are present in tiny amounts that are essential for the health of the cell
19
Q
Name three trace elements found in cells.
A
- Mg
- Zn
- Mn
- Fe
20
Q
What do genes direct?
A
All activity and protein production
Genes are essential for the functioning of cells and the organism as a whole.
21
Q
Where are genes found?
A
In the nucleus of all cells
Genes are sections of long molecules of DNA.
22
Q
What can changes in DNA result in?
A
Diseases by causing cells to function improperly
Genetic research highlights the link between DNA alterations and disease manifestation.
23
Q
What causes Sickle Cell Anemia?
A
A change in a gene that leads to deformed red blood cells
These altered cells can clog blood vessels and lead to serious health issues.
24
Q
What are the potential consequences of Sickle Cell Anemia?
A
- Swelling
- Infections
- Strokes
- Organ injury
- Organ death
Sickle cells can cause severe complications due to their shape and function.
25
What is Gene sequencing?
Mapping the exact order of all the nitrogenous bases in DNA
## Footnote
This process helps scientists study changes in genes.
26
What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?
* Adenine
* Thymine
* Guanine
* Cytosine
## Footnote
These bases are the building blocks of DNA and determine genetic information.
27
How do scientists determine the effects of different genes?
By comparing differences in gene sequences
## Footnote
This comparison helps in understanding genetic variations and their impacts.
28
Fill in the blank: DNA is constructed of millions of molecular subunits called _______.
Nucleotides
## Footnote
Each nucleotide contains one of the four nitrogenous bases.
29
True or False: Sickle cells flow freely in the blood.
False
## Footnote
Sickle cells can block blood flow due to their shape.
30
What happens to red blood cells in Sickle Cell Anemia?
They become deformed
## Footnote
The deformation affects their ability to transport oxygen effectively.
31
What is the Human Genome Project?
An international project to sequence all 30,000 to 40,000 human genes and learn more about them.
## Footnote
The project aims to understand gene functions and develop methods for diagnosing and treating genetic disorders.
32
What can scientists learn from the sequences of human genes?
They can learn gene functions and develop methods for diagnosing and treating genetic disorders.
## Footnote
This knowledge is crucial for understanding various diseases, including genetic disorders.
33
What defines cancer as a disease?
Cancer is any disease in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and invade other tissues.
## Footnote
This uncontrolled division can lead to the formation of tumors and disrupt normal body functions.
34
What is apoptosis?
The process of programmed cell death or 'cell suicide'.
## Footnote
Apoptosis is a normal mechanism to eliminate damaged or unnecessary cells.
35
What happens to damaged cells in cancer?
They continue to divide instead of undergoing apoptosis, harming other tissues and organs.
## Footnote
This failure of cell death is a key characteristic of cancer cells.
36
What is the normal response of a cell when it is damaged?
Undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
37
What is the sequence of events leading to cancer cell division?
First mutation → Second mutation → Third mutation → Fourth mutation.
## Footnote
Each mutation can contribute to the loss of normal growth control and lead to cancer.
38
Can cancer arise from genetic mutations?
Yes, some mutations are genetic and can be passed from parent to offspring.
## Footnote
This hereditary aspect can increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer.
39
Fill in the blank: Cancer cells fail to undergo _______ when damaged.
apoptosis
40
What type of membrane is the cell membrane?
Semi permeable membrane
## Footnote
This membrane allows certain substances to enter while keeping others out.
41
What does the term 'semi permeable' mean?
Allows some substances to pass while blocking others
## Footnote
It maintains equilibrium but does not imply equality.
42
What are examples of substances that can enter the cell?
* Water
* Sugars
## Footnote
These substances are allowed entry by the semi permeable nature of the cell membrane.
43
What are examples of substances that are kept out of the cell?
* Bacteria
* Harmful compounds
## Footnote
The cell membrane protects the interior of the cell from these substances.
44
What is the structure of the plasma membrane?
Phospholipid bi-layer
## Footnote
This consists of a double layer of lipids with phosphate groups.
45
What is the hydrophilic part of a phospholipid called?
Polar 'head'
## Footnote
This part is attracted to water.
46
What is the hydrophobic part of a phospholipid called?
Nonpolar 'tail'
## Footnote
This part repels water.
47
What additional components are found within the phospholipid bilayer?
* Cholesterols
* Proteins
## Footnote
These components contribute to the rigidity and transport functions of the membrane.
48
What model describes the structure of the cell membrane?
Fluid mosaic model
## Footnote
This model illustrates the dynamic and complex nature of the membrane's structure.
49
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
Transporting material into and out of the cell
## Footnote
This includes transporting ions and molecules.
50
Fill in the blank: The cell membrane is responsible for transporting _______ into and out of the cell.
material
## Footnote
This encompasses all particles such as ions and molecules.
51
What is the process of molecules moving across the cell membrane according to the concentration gradient?
Movement across the plasma membrane
52
What does an uneven distribution of substances between two regions indicate?
A concentration gradient
53
Provide an example of diffusion.
Food coloring in water
54
What is diffusion?
The natural random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
55
Fill in the blank: Diffusion is the natural random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of _______.
low concentration
56
What visual demonstration can be used to observe diffusion?
Food coloring in water demonstration
57
What should you do after observing the diffusion demonstration?
Make a drawing that shows the movement of the food coloring
58
What is Brownian Motion?
Brownian Motion is the random movement of particles suspended in a fluid
59
What is the cause of Brownian Motion?
Brownian motion is caused by collision from with the fluid particles
60
What is what is facilitated diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion is diffusion assisted by channel or carrier proteins
61
What is electrochemical attraction?
Electrochemical attraction is the natural flow of energy from like charges to unlike charges and a repeal from like charges
62
What is diffusion?
A type of passive transportation
## Footnote
Diffusion refers to the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
63
Does passive transport require added energy?
No, it requires no added energy
## Footnote
Passive transport relies on the natural movement of molecules.
64
In which direction does passive transport move?
With the concentration gradient (from high to low)
## Footnote
This movement continues until equilibrium is reached.
65
Which molecules commonly use diffusion to enter or exit a cell?
* Water
* Carbon dioxide
* Oxygen
## Footnote
These molecules are small enough to pass through the cell membrane via diffusion.
66
What is diffusion?
A type of passive transportation
## Footnote
Diffusion refers to the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
67
Does passive transport require added energy?
No, it requires no added energy
## Footnote
Passive transport relies on the natural movement of molecules.
68
In which direction does passive transport move?
With the concentration gradient (from high to low)
## Footnote
This movement continues until equilibrium is reached.
69
Which molecules commonly use diffusion to enter or exit a cell?
* Water
* Carbon dioxide
* Oxygen
## Footnote
These molecules are small enough to pass through the cell membrane via diffusion.
