Unit 19 Flashcards
(118 cards)
0
Q
what are sublingual will tablets useful for?
A
- providing quick drug action where it is needed
1
Q
why is enteric coating put on tablets?
A
- protect stomach from irritating drugs
- protect drug from being chemically inactivated by stomach acid
2
Q
when storing hard or soft gelatin capsules, what two environmental factors should be considered?
A
- high-temperature
- high humidity
3
Q
what are four advantages to oral liquids over oral tablets?
A
- easy to make small dosage changes
- dosage can be individualized based on weight
- more suitable for children
- faster onset of action
4
Q
what are four disadvantages of oral liquids over oral tablets?
A
- shorter shelf life
- if tastes bad it’s hard to cover bitter taste
- less convenient to transport
- patients tend to tire of taste
5
Q
define pharmacokinetics
A
study of the absorption distribution metabolism and excretion of a drug.
6
Q
what is the movement of a drug through the body?
A
pharmacokinetics
7
Q
define absorption
A
movement of a drug into the bloodstream
8
Q
where are most orally administered drugs absorbed!
A
The small intestine
9
Q
define drug distribution
A
movement of drugs throughout the body, into then out of the tissues
10
Q
how are systemically administered drugs distributed throughout the body to their site of action?
A
by traveling there in the bloodstream
11
Q
define drug metabolism
A
Chemical alteration of drugs by the body
12
Q
which organ is responsible for metabolic breakdown of drugs?
A
The liver
13
Q
for a large number of drugs, which liver enzymes are involved in the metabolic breakdown?
A
cytochrome P450 enzymes
14
Q
define drug elimination/excretion
A
removal of a drug from the body
15
Q
name five routes of elimination of drugs from the body
A
- urine (via the kidneys)
- Feces (in bile in liver)
- saliva
- sweat
- breast milk
- exhaled air (lungs)
16
Q
what is the most common route for elimination of drugs from the body?
A
urine (via the kidneys)
17
Q
impaired functioning of which two organs can lead to drug accumulation and toxicity?
A
The liver and kidneys
18
Q
what is a drugs half-life?
A
The time in hours for drug level in the blood to drop to half the peak
19
Q
what is pharmacognosy?
A
The study of drugs from plant origins
20
Q
when is sampling done if toxicity is to suspected?
A
at anytime
21
Q
in the CPS where would you look to find out what the toxic effects of a drug are?
A
adverse effects
22
Q
when is sampling done to check whether the drug is within the therapeutic range?
A
just before the next dose
23
Q
define pharmacodynamics
A
study of what a drugs effect is as well as where and how it produces this effect.
24
what are receptor sites and what is their purpose?
- place of a cell surface with specific 3-D structure which accept chemicals that fit precisely into them
- allow chemicals into the bloodstream
25
describe how a chemical combines with a receptor
A physical 3-D fit
26
how does an agonist work?
it produces an effect similar to the body's natural chemicals fitting into the receptor
27
how does an antagonist work?
it blocks the body's natural chemicals from fitting into their receptors
28
what is an enzyme?
A body chemical that regulates the rate of chemical reactions in the body
29
what are 4 disadvantages of the oral route?
- drugs may inactivate
- food affects absorption
- drugs don't act as quick as some other routes
- some drugs are destroyed by stomach enzymes
30
what is meant by an enzyme inducer drug?
activates or increases enzyme activity
31
which is a more potent drug: paroxetine 10 mg or trazodone 50 mg?
paroxetine - requires less to produce a therapeutic effect 10mg versus 50mg
32
what is meant by sight of action of a drug?
The location and the body where the drug acts -- body location and the receptor or enzyme
33
what is an adverse drug reaction?
unwanted reaction to drug at usual doses
34
what are some of the adverse drug reactions that may occur?
serious: anemia, liver damage, allergy
| less serious: drowsiness, confusion, nausea and vomiting, rash, Etc.
35
what are some examples of an allergic response to a drug?
itchy eyes, runny nose, rash, wheezing, drop in blood pressure
36
what are some factors that increase the risk of an adverse drug reaction occurring?
- use of numerous drugs
- very young, very old
- pregnancy or breast-feeding
- heredity
- presence of disease
- mental attitude
37
what are some factors that may influence how a person responds to drugs?
-age, genetic makeup, gender, disease/other conditions, other drugs/interactions, food-drug interactions, drug-dietary supplement interactions, weight, smoking, alcohol intake, tolerance to dose, compliance with therapy
38
what will be the effect on drug metabolism of people with low levels of P450?
- may not metabolize as quickly as expected.
| - accumulation and toxicity may occur
39
what is drug-drug interaction?
when one drug interferes with the therapeutic effect of another drug
40
what are three types of drug interactions?
- pharmacodynamics --duplication
- pharmacodynamics --opposition
- pharmacokinetic --alteration
41
describe duplication drug interactions
two drugs with the same effect, will intensify.
| example: drowsiness
42
describe opposition drug interactions
drugs with opposing actions are taken
43
describe alteration drug interactions
one drug interferes with the pharmacokinetics of another
44
what effect does cigarette smoking have on the activity of some drugs?
tobacco is an enzyme inducer and can speed up the metabolism of other drugs, resulting in a less therapeutic effect
45
what are some reasons drugs may have more undesired effects in older patients?
- tend to be on more drugs (< chance drug reactions)
- kidney function decreases with age
- liver function decreases with age
- body composition changes with age ( more body fat, less water)
- fewer drug receptors
46
how does food interfere with drug action?
1) physically-can slowdown absorption of drugs
2) chemically-extra stomach acid can interfere with drugs
- Direct reaction between chemicals in food and drugs (many drugs with grapefruit juice)
47
what is patient compliance?
The degree to which people take medication as prescribed
48
why are older people at greater risk of experiencing anticholinergic effects?
they have fewer cholinergic receptors, so any drug that blocks these will block a higher percentage of them, leaving fewer receptors for normal neurotransmission
49
what are some reasons why people may be non-compliant with their medication regimen?
forgetting, not understanding, experiencing or fearing side effects, denial of diagnosis, not believing effectiveness of drugs, fear of drug dependence, expense, apathetic, physical obstacles(inability to swallow), stopping meds because thinking condition is cured
50
what are some ways that patient compliance can be improved?
- establishing good relationship with doctor and pharmacy
- providing verbal and written info about disease
- encouraging patient participation in the treatment
- dealing with one pharmacy
- using support groups
- memory aids (specific routine)
51
what are three sources of new drugs in modern pharmacy?
- living plants/animals
- minerals
- chemical synthesis in labs
52
what is the most common method of producing new drugs today?
chemically synthesized in labs
53
what are the steps in the development of a new drug?
1. discovery of new drug
2. preclinical testing
3. approval for human testing
4. human clinical trials
5. HPB approval
6. post-marketing surveillance
54
what is a placebo?
no active ingredient
55
what are two different kinds of control groups used?
placebo and active drug control
56
what is the purpose of blinding in a clinical study?
decreases the biases that occur during evaluation of the effect of the study drug on study patients
57
what is an NOC?
notice of compliance
58
what branch of government issues an NOC in Canada?
Health Canada
59
what does an NOC allow the manufacturer to do?
so a drug providing it meets the requirements
60
what is the purpose of post-marketing surveillance?
to catch rare adverse effects or important drug interactions
61
in Canada how long is the patent issued for new drugs?
20 years
62
what is pharmaceutics!
The study of drug product formulation
63
what does the patent protection provide for a drug manufacturer?
manufacture gets period of time which no other company may market that drug
64
what routes are enteral?
oral
sublingual
rectal
65
when can generic manufacturers copy a new drug product?
once the patent has expired
66
why are generic copies of drugs less expensive?
they didn't have to do drug development research
67
what is meant by enzyme inhibitor drug?
inhibits normal enzyme activity
68
what historical event stimulated science and industry to develop the means for mass producing drugs?
world War II-mass amounts of penicillin were needed
69
name 4 drugs produced through recombinant DNA technology
- human insulin
- human growth hormone
- interferon
- tPa
70
what are some dosage forms used in ancient times are still used today?
- suppositories
- enemas
- gargles
- ointments
- inhalations
- lotions
- pills
- plasters
71
what are plasters?
drug paste is applied to a cloth backing and taped to the skin
72
what are pills?
precursors to tablets, made by hand
73
what dosage forms were developed within the last two decades?
- transdermal patches
- nasal sprays
- Liposomes
74
during what period in history did pharmacy and medicine separate?
1240 AD
75
disadvantages of unhalation drugs
often poor technique by patient
76
what are liposomes?
fatty envelopes are used to surround very toxic drugs and deliver them safely to specific sites in the body before the drug is released
77
Who were the first pharmacy technicians?
Family members of the pharmacists who owned the corner drugstores.
78
how does a transdermal patch work?
is applied to the skin for slow absorption of the drug through the skin and into the bloodstream
79
Who is one of the first known practitioners of trial and error drug testing?
Chinese Emperor Shen Nung
80
what functions do the inactive ingredients in a drug perform?
- improve taste/flavour
- improve colour/appearance
- help with absorption
- improve stability/provides filler
81
Who performed the first experimental vaccination?
Dr. Edward Jenner (1796), it was for small pox
82
when was the Manitoba pharmaceutical Association formed?
1878
83
Who is Marie Curie?
- she discovered radium
| - promoted use of radium to relieve suffering of soldiers in World War I
84
what did the discovery of radioactivity lead to the discovery of?
- Organ scans
- CAT scans
- MRI scans
- radiation therapy
- nuclear medicine
- nuclear pharmacy
85
Who discovered insulin?
Sir Frederick Banting and Charles Best (1920)
86
why is insulin considered a significant advance in medicine?
extended the lives of millions of people around the world
87
how did the smallpox vaccine work?
by being exposed to cowpox antibodies were produced that provide a cross immunity with smallpox
88
Who is Dr. Alexander Fleming?
he discovered Penicillin (accidentally)
89
for the dosage form gel, what is jelly?
type of gel that contains a higher proportion of water
90
what did Jonas Salk do?
invented an injectable vaccine containing killed viruses (for polio)
91
what was the first antibiotic?
penicillin
92
what kind of ingredients do drugs contain?
one or more active (medicinal) ingredients. And inert (inactive) ingredients
93
how can you identify a legend drug?
- is available by prescription only
| - also referred to as a prescription drug
94
what is the pill?
The slang term for the birth control pill
95
why do patients need to complete the full course of any antibiotic treatment?
to avoid developing a resistance to the antibiotic
96
how effective is birth-control?
over 99% effective when taking properly
97
what are inhalation dosage forms often used for?
to treat allergies and asthma
98
when is a drug considered a pharmaceutically equivalent generic?
- if the drug contains the same amount of active ingredient as the brand-name drug
- comes in the same dosage form
- meets the same standards for strength, quality, purity, and identity
99
what are over-the-counter(OTC) drugs?
drugs that can be purchased without a prescription
100
how much does dispensing of generics save compared to brand-name drugs?
30% to 80%
101
what is an MCT?
multiple compression tablet -- either a tablet on top of another tablet or a tablet within the tablet
102
when is a drug considered a pharmaceutically alternative generic?
- drug contains the same active therapeutic ingredient as the brand-name drug
- contains different salts
- may be in different dosage forms
103
advantages of transdermal patches
- steady level of drug
| - good compliance
104
how long are the effects of transdermal dosage form?
24 hours to 1 week
105
what is SCT?
sugar coated tablets
106
advantages of inhalation drugs
- fast acting
| - delivers a metered dose
107
disadvantages of transdermal patches
- costly
| - okay Skin irritation
108
What are advantages of the rectal route?
- bypasses digestive system
| - good for nauseous patients and patients who have difficulty swallowing
109
what are disadvantages of the rectal route?
- inconvenience to you
| - May cause discomfort
110
what is the advantage of ointments?
-good for extremely dry areas
111
what is the disadvantage of ointment?
-feels greasy
112
what is the advantage of vaginal and urethral routes?
higher concentration of medication
113
what are disadvantages of the vaginal and urethral routes?
- inconvenient
| - messy to use
114
what are advantages of a parenteral route?
- can deliver high concentrations of medication at once or over long periods of time
- can be administered to almost any organ of the body
- ask quickly
115
what are some disadvantages of the parenteral route?
- possible injury from needle insertion
- potential for introducing toxic agents into the body
- must be administered carefully to avoid introduction of air bubbles or particles
116
how do infusion pumps work?
they can deliver medication 24/7 or can be controlled by the patient. The most common is the patient controlled analgesia (PCA)
117
Who controls the PCA pump button?
only the patient should control the PCA button
