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Aryia Unit 2 HC Flashcards > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The negatively-charged ball-like structures…

A

repel each other and the oil or grease is kept suspended in the water

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2
Q

free radicals are…

A

atoms or molecules that are highly reactive due to the presence of unpaired electrons

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3
Q

the negatively charged hydrophilic heads…

A

remain in the surrounding water

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4
Q

the solubility, boiling point and volatility of a compound can be predicted by considering…

A
  • O-H or N-H bonds, which implies hydrogen bonding
  • molecular size which would affect london dispersion forces
  • polarity of solute and solvents
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5
Q

Edible fats and edible oils are…

A

esters from the condensation of glycerol and three carboxylic acid molecules

the carboxylic acids are known as ‘fatty acids’

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6
Q

carboxylic acids can react with…

A

bases

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7
Q

proteins are the major…

A

structural materials of animal tissue and are also involved in the maintenance and regulation of life processes. Enzymes are proteins which act as BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS

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8
Q

Amino acids are…

A

relatively small molecules which all contain an amino group -NH2 and -COOH

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9
Q

The link which forms between two amino acids is known as a…

A

peptide link/amide link

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10
Q

Essential amino acids are…

A

amino acids that our body cannot make. It is essential that these amino acids are present in our diet

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11
Q

when proteins are heated…

A

The intermolecular bonds are broken which changes shape of the protein (denature)

PS. it causes texture in food to change when cooked

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12
Q

oxidation is an…

A

increase in the oxygen to hydrogen ratio

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13
Q

Reduction is an…

A

decrease in the oxygen to hydrogen ratio

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14
Q

fats and oils are…

A
  • a concentrated source of energy

- essential for the transport and storage of fat-soluble vitamins in the body

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15
Q

the equation for the breakdown of an ester by water is…

A

Ester + Water <=> alcohol + carboxylic acid

a “reversible reaction”

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16
Q

An ester link is…

A

-COO-

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17
Q

When soap is used in hard water…

A

scum, an insoluble precipitate is formed

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18
Q

hydrolysis produces…

A

3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule

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19
Q

an emulsion contains…

A

small droplets of one liquid dispersed in another liquid

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20
Q

hot copper oxide or acidified dichromate solution can be used to oxidise…

A
  • primary alcohols to aldehydes then to carboxylic acid

- secondary alcohols to ketones

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21
Q

in a hydrolysis reaction…

A

a molecule reacts with water to break down into smaller molecules

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22
Q

alcohols can be classified as…

A

primary/secondary and tertiary

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23
Q

OH groups make alcohols…

A

polar and this allows hydrogen bonding to take place

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24
Q

in a condensation reaction…

A

two molecules are joined together with the elimination of a small molecule

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25
Q

esters are formed by…

A

a condensation reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid

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26
Q

esters are used as…

A

flavourings and fragrances. They are also used as solvents for non-polar compounds that do not dissolve in water

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27
Q

to determine whether a compound is unsaturated or saturated you can use…

A

bromine solution

28
Q

compounds containing at least 1 carbon-carbon double bond are described as…

A

unsaturated

29
Q

free radical scavengers are added to many products including…

A
  • cosmetics
  • food products
  • plastics
30
Q

an emulsifier can be used to prevent…

A

non-polar and polar liquids separating into layers

31
Q

soaps are produced by the…

A

alkaline hydrolysis of edible fats

32
Q

hard water is a term used to describe water containing…

A

high levels of dissolved metal ions

33
Q

isomers are…

A
  • compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
  • may belong to different homologous series
  • usually have different physical properties
34
Q

compounds containing only single carbon-carbon bonds are described as…

A

saturated

35
Q

compounds containing double bonds can take part in…

A

an addition reaction

36
Q

in an addition reaction…

A

two molecules combine to form a single molecule

37
Q

free radical scavengers are…

A

molecules that react with free radicals to form stable molecules and prevent a chain reaction from occuring

38
Q

terpenes are based on…

A

(C5H8)n, where n is the number of terpene units joined together

39
Q

isoprene molecules can form…

A

linear or ring structures

40
Q

what stage is this representing?

H* (g) + Cl* (g) -> H - Cl (g)
H* (g) + H* (g) -> H - H (g)
Cl* (g) + Cl* (g) -> Cl - Cl (g)

A

Termination stage

41
Q

what stage is this representing?

H - H (g) + Cl* (g) -> H - Cl (g) + H* (g)
H* (g) + Cl - Cl (g) -> H - Cl (g) + Cl* (g)

A

Propagation stage

42
Q

free radical chain reactions include the following steps:

A
  • initiation
  • propagation
  • termination
43
Q

what stage is this representing?

Cl - CL (g) -> Cl* (g) + Cl* (g)

A

Initiation stage

44
Q

soaps can be used to…

A

remove non-polar substances such as oil and grease

45
Q

the hydrophobic tail…

A

dissolve in the oil or grease

46
Q

soap ions have…

A
  • long hydrophobic nonpolar tails

- ionic heads that are water soluble (hydrophilic)

47
Q

agitation causes…

A

ball-like structures to form

48
Q

when UV light breaks bonds…

A

free radicals are formed

49
Q

sun-block/sunscreen products prevent…

A

UV light reaching the skin

50
Q

UV light can provide…

A

sufficient energy to break bonds within molecules. This causes sunburn and accelerates ageing of the skin

51
Q

terpenes are the…

A

key components in most ESSENTIAL OILS

52
Q

essential oils are…

A

widely used in perfumes, cosmetic products cleaning products and as flavouring in foods

53
Q

essential oils are…

A

extracts of the volatile, non-water soluble aroma compounds from plants

54
Q

antioxidants are…

A
  • molecules that prevent unwanted oxidation reactions occuring
  • substances that are easily oxidised, and oxidise in place of the compounds they have been added to protect
  • can be identified as the substance being oxidised in a redox equation
55
Q

with an aldehyde, orange acidified dichromate solution turns into what colour…

A

turns green

56
Q

with an aldehyde, clear, colourless tollens’ reagent…

A

forms a silver mirror

57
Q

with an aldehyde, blue fehling’s solution forms…

A

a red precipitate

58
Q

a ketone functional group is…

A

C=O

59
Q

The double bonds in fatty acid chains…

A

prevent oil molecules from packing closely together. The more double bonds present, the weaker the van der waals forces of attraction.

I.e: the more unsaturated it is, the lower the melting points

60
Q

edible oils have…

A

lower melting points than edible fats

61
Q

esters can be hydrolysed to produce an…

A

alcohol and CARBOXYLIC ACID

62
Q

aldehyde functional group is…

A

CHO

63
Q

tertiary alcohols cannot…

A

be oxidised using these oxidising agents

64
Q

black copper (II) oxide forms a…

A

brown solid, and orange dichromate turns green

65
Q

ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a…

A

high energy form of light, present in sunlight

Aryia Unit 2 HC Flashcards (1 decks)

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