Unit 2 Flashcards by Lena Grant

3 characteristics of stimulus classes: _____

Formal, temporal, functional

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Antecedent stimulus: _____

Environmental event that precedes a response

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Consequence stimulus: _____

Environmental event that follows a response

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Evoke: _____

Increases momentary probability of a response

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Evocative effects:

Effect of antecedents to: _____

Increase momentary probability of a response

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Abate: _____

Decreases momentary probability of a response

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Abative effects of antecedents to _____

Decrease momentary probability of a response

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Latency: _____

Time between antecedent stimulus and response

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Consequence effect of

Strengthening: _____

Increases future probability of a behavior

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Consequence effect of

Weakening: _____

Decreases future probability of a behavior

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Determinism: _____

Phenomena are lawful and occur in a systematic way

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Determinants of behavior: _____

Biological and environmental factors

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Selection: repeated cycles of: _____

Variation, interaction, and differential replication

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Selection: variation and interaction with the environment results in: _____

differential replication

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______ is the result of Selectionism

Genetic and behavioral diversity

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Contingency: _____

Dependent relation between events

- Emphasizes the likelihood that one event is a result of another even

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Functional relation is a mathematical: _____

Relation between IV and DV

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Parsimony: _____

Rule out simple explanations before evaluating complex ones

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Environmental explanations describe: _____

Behavior as a function of current environment and past experience

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Explanatory fictions describe behavior as caused by: _____

Hypothetical construct within individual or future events

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IV manipulated in behavior analysis: _____

Stimulus class

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DV studied in behavior analysis: _____

Response class

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Stimulus class properties:
Based on temporal location: \_\_\_\_\_

Antecedents and consequences

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Stimulus class properties:
Based on functional relation: \_\_\_\_\_

Same effect on behavior or another stimulus

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``` Stimulus class properties: Based on formal properties: _____ ```

Same physical characteristics (form)

Antecedents: | 2 effects on behavior: _____

Evocative and abative

Consequences: | 2 effects on behavior: _____

Strengthening or weakening

3 types of selection: _____

Natural, operant, cultural

Types of environmental contingencies: _____

S-S R-S S-R-S

Stimulus class definition

A group of stimuli (AKA a stimulus class) that share one or more common formal, temporal, or functional characteristics

Two types of environmental variables

Antecedents and consequences

External environment and non-social antecedent example

- Light changes from green to red right before (antecedent) > you press the brake (response) - Rain starts (antecedent) > you open your umbrella (response)

External environment and social antecedent example

(Radhika is the behaver): Frank says, “Would you like to meet me for dinner tonight at Tandoor India Cuisine?” (antecedent) > Radhika says, “I would love to. What time should we meet there?” (response)

The behaver’s responses are _____ and therefore _______

Not stimuli; are never antecedents

What is a precursor?

A response that may occur before another response; NOT AN ANTECEDENT

Consequences Outside the Skin Examples:

* Butch opens his umbrella (response) > rain stops falling on his head (consequence) * Zach reaches for a tube of pain reliever (response) > tube is in his hand (consequence)

Consequences Within the Skin Examples:

- Zach applies pain reliever ointment to his back (response) > pain subsides (consequence) - I eat a chip loaded with habanero pepper dip (response) > my tongue and throat feel an awful burning sensation (consequence)

The effects of responses are ______

Consequences

Social consequences example

○ Ask, “Where is Naoki’s?” (response) > Someone gives directions (consequence) ○ Grab sushi with fingers (response) > Naoki says, “Don’t do that!” (consequence)

Consequences are simply....

Stimuli

Environmental variables can have either:

- Immediate effects in the here and now on the behavior of interest - Effects on future occurrences of the behavior of interest

S-R... Is not a contingency, it is....

A functional relation

Strongest contingency:

If X and only if X, then Y

Contingencies are, and can be

Probabilistic

When changes in an antecedent or consequent stimulus class consistently alter a dimension of a response class

A functional relationship exists

Behavior analysts seek to identify functional relations between

- manipulated environmental events | - behavior through systematic manipulations

Characteristics of Functional Relations

- Probabilistic (not cause-and-effect) - Non-linear - Complex (change over time with respect to changing conditions) - Allow us to make predictions

Functional relations are between....

Environmental events and behavior

Contingencies lead to the development of ______

Functional relations, but not vice versa

Environmental Explanations Do NOT

* Rely on assumptions of an inner agency or entity within an organism * Rely on descriptions or mere labels as causes of behavior * Rely on what will happen in the future as a cause for current responses

Labels are Not...

Causes of Behavior (Ex. diagnosis, internal states, characteristics)

Mentalism: Yes or No?

○ “Can I measure the supposed explanation (IV) independently from the behavior it is said to cause (DV)?” ○ If you cannot independently measure (1) the behavior and (2) its supposed cause, then the supposed cause is an explanatory fiction

Terms for Non-Environmental Explanations

``` ○ Explanatory fiction-based ○ Mentalistic ○ Teleological ○ Non-behavioral Non-environmental ```

Terms for Environmental Explanations

``` ○ Behavioral ○ Behavior analytic ○ Scientific ○ Evidence-based Environmental ```

What two kinds of behavior were brought into perspective with the publication of B.F. Skinner’s The Behavior of Organisms?

Respondent and operant

What unit of analysis was a revolutionary conceptual breakthrough?

The experimental analysis of operant behavior > The 3 term contingency

How is mentalism defined in general terms?

An approach to the study of bx which assume that a mental or "inner" dimension exist that differs from a bx dimension

What level of selection applies to selection of genes related to survival and reproduction?

Natural

What level of selection by consequences applies to the selection of behavior within the lifetime of an individual organism?

Operant conditioning

What level of selection by consequences applies to the selection of behavior patterns of groups of human beings that endure beyond the lifetime of a single individual?

Cultural

Immediate causation

The physiology, biochemistry, and genetics of the organism

Remote causation

The principle of selection by consequences

Unit 2 Flashcards

(62 cards)