Unit 2 Flashcards
1
Q
First people to identify and observe cells?
A
Leeunwehoek - first scientist to observe cells
Robert Hooke - first to use the term “cell”
2
Q
Cell theory
A
idea that all living things are composed of cells, because they’re the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are only produced from existing cells
3
Q
Why do cells rely on SA?
A
because it makes it easier for the villi to surround the nutrients, while the microvilli protects the cell by moving small things around the outside of it
4
Q
Why are smaller cells more efficient than larger ones?
A
a larger cell has a reduced surface-area-to-volume ratio, and the amount of diffusion of nutrients, wastes, and gases across the cell membrane is reduced.
5
Q
Why are humans multicellular?
A
b/c the vili would be too small to allow for efficient movement of nutrients and oxygen into the cell and wastes
6
Q
Prokaryotic cells
A
no membrane bound nucleus
7
Q
Eukaryotic
A
has a membrane bound nucleus
8
Q
fimbriae
A
hair like structures on the outside of a prokaryotic cell and help attach to appropriate surfaces
9
Q
Nucleoid
A
instead of having a true nucleus, prokaryotic cells have a nucleoid which contains the cell’s DNA and isn’t surrounded by a nuclear envelope.
10
Q
plasma membrane
A
forms a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell to regulate what crosses that barrier
11
Q
cell wall
A
in the outermost layer of plant cells ONLY, it protects the cell from dehydration and external environment, and maintains typical shape
12
Q
capsule
A
a gel like coating outside of cell wall
13
Q
flagella
A
has a long, thin protein extensions that rotate like a propeller, allowing them to push the cell forward
14
Q
ribosomes
A
synthesises proteins
15
Q
phospholipid bilayer
A
part of the plasma membrane, has cholestorol to help maintain fluidity
16
Q
cytoplasm
A
jellylike substances that surrounds the inside of the cells, provides extra protection
17
Q
plasmids
A
rings of DNA located within the cytoplasm
18
Q
Archea
A
type of bacteria
Cell wall - usually
has - plasma membrane & ribosomes
doesn’t have - nucleus, peptidoglycan, or membrane bound organelle
19
Q
Bacteria
A
cell wall - usually
has - peptidoglycan, plasma membrane & ribosomes
doesn’t have - nucleus or membrane bound organelle
20
Q
eukaryotes
A
cell wall (plants) - sometimes has - plasma membrane, ribosomes (larger than prokaryotic), nucleus, phospholipid bilayer doesn't have - peptidoglycan
21
Q
nuclear envelope
A
a double membrane separating the nucleus and cytoplasm
22
Q
chromatin
A
consists of DNA and proteins becomes chromosomes when the cell is ready to undergo cell division
23
Q
nucleolus
A
a region within the nucleus where a type of RNA, called ribosomal RNA (rRNA), is produced
24
Q
vesicles
A
membrane bound sacs that stores and transport substances & unique organelle
25
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
smooth & rough combined an interconnected system of membranous channels and sacs that is physically continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope.
26
golgi apparatus
has cisternea, collects, sorts, packages, and distributes materials such as proteins and lipids
27
vacuole
a large membranous sac
28
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
cisternea, ribosomes, large folding, and transport of proteins for export
29
cell wall eukaryotes
Protecting the cell while remaining permeable.
30
how does the endomembrane system acts as a transport system?
because the organelles that compose it are connected directly or by transport vesicles.
31
Explain why plant cells need both chloroplasts and mitochondria
Chloroplasts allow them to capture solar energy to produce organic molecules. Plant cells need mitochondria to break down the organic molecules to produce ATP which is used for energy in their metabolism.
32
Animal & plant cell ONLY
mitochondria
33
As the size of a cell decreases, the ratio of its surface area to volume
increases
34
NOT in a Prokaryotic cell
mitochondria
35
What is the role of proteins, steroids, and phospholipids in the fluid-mosaic model.
Phospholipids compose a bilayer that separates the inside from the outside of the cell. Steroids in the bilayer regulate the fluidity of the membrane. Proteins present in the membrane contribute to its structure, the passage of molecules across the membrane, signaling pathways, cell recognition, and enzyme reactions.
36
extracellular matrix in an animal cell functions
- Collagen and elastin fibers provide structure
- Fibronectin binds to integrin in the membrane & signal the cell’s cytoskeleton.
- Proteoglycans assist in cell signaling
37
difference between adhesion, gap, and tight junction
Adhesion junction—mechanically attaches to cell membrane
gap junction—allows cells to communicate through channels;
tight junction—connects plasma membranes, creating a tight barrier ; zipper
38
fluid mosiac model structure
shows a plasma membrane, states that components like (proteins, glycolipids) form a pattern in the fluid like environment
39
channel proteins
allow a substance to simply move across the membrane, w/o hydrogen ions & ATP aren't produced
40
carrier proteins
they combine w/ a substance to move it across the membrane
41
cell recognition proteins
glycoproteins that help the body recognize when there's a bad cell
42
receptor proteins
a protein that binds to a specific molecule
43
enzymatic proteins
carry out metabolic reactions directly
44
passive diffusion
moves from high to low, concentration gradient
45
facilitated diffusion
the movement of molecules that only take place if it is helped by a specific protein carrier and chanel in the membrane, can occur in either direction depending on the concentration gradient
46
prokaryotic & eukaryotic
cytoplasm, ribosome, bacteria
47
inegral proteins
chanel, carrier, receptor, - travel through the membrane
48
peripheral proteins
cell recognition, glycogen - stay on the outside
49
embedded proteins
control movement across plasma membrane
- channel proteins
- carrier proteins
- cell recognition
- receptor proteins
- enzymatic proteins
50
smoothe endoplasmic reticulumn
small dough foldings, no ribosome, it transports proteins for export, no cisterna
51
osmosis
moves high to low
less water+ more solute = high osmotic pressure
more water+ less solute= low osmotic pressure
52
selectively permeable
the plasma membrane, because only certain substances can cross it such as small noncharged molecules (oxygen, carbon dioxide, glycerol
53
diffusion
the movement of molecules from a higher to a lower concentration
54
hypotonic
a cell gains water because concentration is higher inside so there's less water
55
hypertonic
a cell loses water because there's less water outside the cell
56
isotonic
- the same amount of water that moves in moves out state of equalibrium on either side of the membrane
- (good) animal cell
- (bad) plant cell
57
crenation
when a lot of water leaves the cell, ruining the structure
58
active transport
from low to high concentration, requires ATP
59
sodium potassium pump
1 ATP = 2 K (in) & 3 Na (out)
60
exocytosis
takes something to the cell wall to go outside
61
endocytosis
takes something into the cell, the plasma membrane surrounds pinches it off and moves it inward (insulin)
62
cellular junction
cells come in close or physical contact with other cells to communicate
63
tight junction
found lining the digestive system
| PM connects adjacent cells
64
gap junction
physically connects with proteins, creates a channel for things to travel through
65
plasmodesmata
little holes in a plant cell, that allows thing to pass through
66
tissue types
Epithelial - covers the body, lines body cavities
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
67
epthelial (human)
External - protections from injury, regenerate liver, prevents desiccation
internal - secret mucus (goblet), remove debris (cilia), absorption
sits on a basement membrane
68
Epthelial Classification
Squamous - flattened
- Simple (one) - lungs, blood vessels, diffusion
Stratified (multiple) nose, mouth, esophagus, anal canal, vagina
- Cuboidal - simple cubed shaped, absorption, gastric pits, the lining of kidney, pancreatic islets
- Columnar (simple) - digestive tract, absorption
Pseudostratified removes impurities
69
connective tissues
binds organs together, produces blood cells, stores fat
70
connective (CT)
binds organs together, produces blood cells, stores fat
71
collagen
main structural protein in the ECM
| - gives skin strength & elasticity
72
adipose & reticular CT
enlarged fibroblasts filled with fat, important for insulation and storage
73
transport of membrane assisted
pinches off ER and goes to golgi
74
secretory of membrane assisted
Pinches off the golgi and goes to outside the cell
75
phagocytosis
cellular ingestion using the PM and pseudopods
| fuses with lysosome and digestion occurs
76
pinocytosis
PM surrounds and an indent is made in it then is pinched off
77
types of endocytosis
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated
78
receptor-mediated
binds with receptor proteins and moves to a pit in the PM "coated pit"
79
extracellular matrix
a complex meshwork of polysaccharides and proteins made by cells
80
structural proteins
used to build structural components of the body like bones uses collagen, elastin
81
adhesive proteins
cell to cell; fibronectin
82
adhesive junction
connect cytoskeleton
| most common type
83
reticular
small support structures of fibrousis matrix
84
elastic
stretchy elastin protein
85
loose fibrous CT
supports and binds, under the skin, allows expansion
| covers muscles, nerves, and blood vessels
86
dense fibrous CT
high density and tightly packed
support of muscles and bones
dermis of skin
87
tendons
connect muscle to bone
88
ligaments
connect bone to bone
89
cartilage
dense fibrous CT, smooth surfaces, joint movement
90
Lacunae
where the cartilage sits
91
Types of cartilage
hyaline- common found in the trachea
elastic- stretchy and is the outer ear
fibrocartilage- tension it is the disk in our spine
92
Bone
Rigid CT
Inorganic salts being calcium and phosphate
Collagen fibers interlaced for flexibility
Provides oxygen for blood which helps broken bones repair
Living tissue that is compact and spongey
93
osteoblasts
secret bone and become trapped by doing so
94
osteocytes
calcium storage
95
osteoclasts
resorbs bone
96
blood
matrix noncellular
| plasma 55%, red/white blood cells 45%, platelets- clot blood
97
muscular tissue
actin and myosin proteins
| muscle contraction
98
Skeletal muscle MT
attached to tendons, striations, fusion of cells containing multiple nuclei, voluntary control, moves body parts
99
Smooth MT
no striations, spindle shape, thick over thin, only one nucleus, line digestive organs and blood vessels, peristalsis, involuntary control
100
Cardiac MT
lines walls of heart, has striations, single nucleus, pumps blood
Intercalated disc- connects cells end to end and promotes an electrical current
Involuntary control
101
Nervous tissue
contain neurons that have a cell body, dendrites that receive information and sends it to the cell body, axon where the message is sent down and is covered by the myelin sheath
Found in the brain and spinal cord
sensory input and motor output
102
neuroglia
more common than neurons and support neurons
103
Body cavities and membranes
anterior- upward, posterior- downward, ventral- belly,
dorsal- back
superior- pertaining to the head, inferior- pertaining to the feet, medial- the middle of, proximal- close to the center of gravity, distal- father from the center of gravity
104
ventral cavities
thoracic- lungs and heart
abdominal- spleen and liver contains most of digestive system
Pelvic- some large intestine and rectum bladder and reproductive system
105
diaphragm
separates thoracic and abdominal cavity and helps with breathing
106
dorsal cavities
cranial cavity- holds the brain
| vertebral canal- holds the spinal cord
107
body membranes
Mucous, serous, synovial, meninges
108
mucous ET and LCT
goblet cells, lines dig, resp, uri, and repro
109
serous ET and LCT
lines thoracic and abdominal cavities, watery lubricant, support and compartmentalize
110
synovial
line joints, lubricate with cartilage
111
meninges
protective brain cover
112
integumentary system
epidermis, dermis, skin, synthesize vitamin-D, sensory input, homeostasis
113
cardiovascular system
heart, transport blood, temp ph, and fluid homeostasis
114
lymphatic and immune
lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, protection from disease, absorbs fat, collect interstitial fluid
115
digestive
ingest and digest, absorb and eliminate, fluid homeostasis
116
respiratory system
lungs, exchange gases, ph homeostasis
117
urinary
kidneys and bladder, remove metabolic waste, ph and fluid homeostasis
118
musculoskeletal
bones and muscles, support and protection, movement and heat, store minerals, produce blood cells
119
nervous
brain and spinal cord, sense process motor, coordination
120
endocrine
organs and glands, hormones, coordination, homeostasis
121
reproductive
testes and ovaries, produce and transport gametes, nurture offspring
122
List a major organ found in 4 organ system
Integumentary - skin;
cardiovascular - heart;
lymphatic and immune - lymph nodes;
digestive - small intestine;
123
identify 2 organ system that protect the body from disease
Integumentary, and lymphatic and immune
124
Meristematic tissue
allows a plant to grow its entire life because it retains cells that forever have the ability to divide and produce more tissues so PLANTS GROW TILL DEATH
125
Apical meristem
```
the type of meristematic tissue that is present in the tips of all growing stems and roots of a plant- VERTICAL growth
types:
Epidermal tissue - outer cover
Ground tissue - fills interior
Vascular tissue - water & sap transport
```
126
Epidermal tissue
forms the outer protective covering of a herbaceous plants (NOT A TREE) ; plant skin
127
Ground tissue
fills the interior of a plant; produces toxins, hormones & pigments. these cells are parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
128
Vascular tissue
transports water & nutrients in a plant and provides support
129
epidermis
the complex tissue covering the entire body of non woody (herbaceous) and young woody plants
130
cuticle
a waxy covering for air exposed epidermal cells; minimizes water cells
131
root hairs
long slendar projections in certain epidermal cells; increase the surface area of the root for water & mineral absorption
132
parenchyma
- most abundant, thinnest cell wall, photosynthesis
| - found in all organs of a plant, alive at maturity
133
collenchyma
gives flexible support to immature regions of plant body
- thicker primary wall
- prominent corners, often in bundles
134
sclerenchyma
- thick secondary cell wall that forms between the primary cell wall and plasma membrane
- contains lignin, support mature regions of a plant
- dead at maturity
135
ligin
a highly resistant organic substance that makes cell walls tough, inside secondary cell wall
136
xylem (vascular plant tissue)
transports water and mineral from roots to stem to leaves (transpiration) ]
137
phloem (vascular plant tissue
transports sugar and organic molecule like hormones throughout the plant (translocation)
1 phloem -- 1 companion cell (has nucleus)
138
Vascular tissue locations(plants)
roots - vascular cylinder
stem - vascular bundles
leaves - leaf veins
139
periderm
epidermal tissues for older woody trees
140
stomata
allows water to leave cells
141
tracheids & vessel element
two types of xylem cells that stack to form a straw to tranport water
vessel - great transporter
tracheids - not a good tranporter
142
root system
penetrates soil function - anchorage, absorption, and soil
143
shoot system
transports water & sap
terminal bud - allows plant upward growth
lateral growth - only possible for the stem for certain plants
stem - main axis of a plant, transports water & sap
leaves - require water and and sunlight to carry on photosynthesis
144
node & internode
node - occurs where leaves are attached to the stem, internode - the region between the nodes
145
petiole
the stalk that attaches the blade to the stem
blade; leaf margin
- maximizes sunlight
- photosynthesis
146
blade
wide portion of the leaf
147
axillary bud
Bud located in the axil of a leaf.
148
functions of leaves
maximizes sunlight
specialized tissue
photosynthesis
149
tree types
Deciduous - loose leaves
Evergreen - loose needles
Modified - in cacti (holds water)
150
symbiosis
Nitrogen fixing bacteria, the fungus colonizes the plants roots and is provided with carbohydrates, sucrose and glucose, in return the plant benefits from the fungi ’s higher water and mineral absorption capabilities
151
Compare the structure and function of roots, stems, and leaves
Roots - the root hairs, with their large surface area, allow for uptake of water and minerals. The branching allows them to stabilize the aboveground portion of the plant.
Stems - allow for continued growth and contain xylem and phloem for transportation of water and nutrients through the plant.
Leaves - allow for sunlight to reach the chloroplasts and gases can diffuse easily. The petiole allows for maximum exposure to the sun.
152
monocots (angio sperm)
```
Seed - 1 cotyledon ( seed leaf)
Root - Xylem & phloem in a ring (fibrous - many)
Stem - scattered Vascular bundles
Leaf - veins form a parallel pattern
Flower - splits in 3 and multiples of 3
Pollen - One pore or slit
```
153
Eudicots (angio sperm)
Seed - 2 cotyledon (seed leaf)
Root - phloem between arms of xylem (taproot)
Stem - vascular bundles in distinct ring
Leaf - veins form net pattern
Flowers - parts in 4's, 5's, or multiples
Pollen - 3 pores or slits
TREES are eudicots!!
154
List monocots & eudicots plants
Monocots: corn, grass, palms
Eudicots: dandelions, oak trees, potatoes, kale
155
angiosperm
a plant that has flowers and produces seeds
156
pericycle
The first layer of cells within the vascular cylinder
157
tap root
(eudicots only!) the first or primary root grows straight down
158
fibrous root system
consists of many fine roots similar in diameter
| - mature plants have both!
159
How does a plant control what enters the vascular bundle?
through a Casparian strip, which requires water and minerals to pass through the cells to enter the xylem
160
Monocots and & Eudicots both have
Dermal tissues
Ground tissues
Vascular
161
guard cells
control water movement
162
open stoma
transports potassium, water follows (osmosis) into vacuole = turgid
163
closed stoma
potassium leaves vacuole, water follows (transpiration) = good
164
transpiration
- UNIDIRECTIONAL -
water evaporates through leaves, creating tension to pull water up, cohesion keeps it in a continuous column, adhesion keeps it in place
165
translocation
- BIDRECTIONAL -
sugar is actively transported into phloem at a source, and water follows by osmosis. The resulting increase in pressure creates a flow, which moves water and sugar to a sink.
166
cellular respiration
The mitochondria of a eukaryotic cell is the site of
