Unit 2

Question 0

thinking that does not blindly accept argumetns and conclusions rather it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

Answer 0

critical thinking

Question 1

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one could have forseen it
knew it all along phenonmenon

Answer 1

hindsight bias

Question 2

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

Answer 2

theory

Question 3

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Answer 3

hypothesis

Question 4

a statement of the procedures (opetations) used to define research variables

Answer 4

operational definition

Question 5

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations to see whether the basi finding extends to other participants and circumstances

Answer 5

replication

Question 6

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in th ehope of revealing universal principles

Answer 6

case study

Question 7

a technique for ascertaining the self-reported atitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

Answer 7

survey

Question 8

all the cases in a group being studied from which samples may be drawn

Answer 8

population

Question 9

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Answer 9

random sample

Question 10

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Answer 10

naturalistic observation

Question 11

a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

Answer 11

correlation

Question 12

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)

Answer 12

correlation coefficient

Question 13

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variable. the slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation)

Answer 13

scatter plot

Question 14

the perception of a relationship where none exists

Answer 14

illusiory correlation

Question 15

a research method in which an investigator manipuates on eor more factors (ind var) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental processes (dep var)

Answer 15

experiment

Question 16

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups

Answer 16

random assignment

Question 17

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or placebo. commonly used in drug-evalution studies

Answer 17

double-blind procedure

Question 36

experimental results caused by the expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent

Answer 36

placebo effect

Question 37

in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one verison of the independent variable

Answer 37

experimental group

Question 38

in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; serves as a comparison for evalutating the effect of the treatment (contrasts with the experimental group)

Answer 38

control group

Question 39

the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

Answer 39

independent variable

Question 40

another factor that might produce an effect in an experiment

Answer 40

confounding variable

Question 41

the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the ind var

Answer 41

dependent variable

Question 42

the most frequently occuring scores in a distribution

Answer 42

mode

Question 43

the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

Answer 43

mean

Question 44

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it

Answer 44

median

Question 45

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

Answer 45

range

Question 46

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

Answer 46

standard deviation

Question 47

a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68% fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes

Answer 47

normal curve

normal distribution

Question 48

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occured by chance

Answer 48

statistical significance

Question 49

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Answer 49

culture

Question 50

an ehtical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

Answer 50

informed consent

Question 51

the postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

Answer 51

debriefing