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Equine Management > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Dominant Vs Recessive

A

Dominant - the allele of a gene that masks or suppresses the expression of an alternate allele; the trait appears in the heterozygous condition. Indicated by uppercase letter

Recessive - an allele that is masked by a dominant allele; does not appear in the heterozygous condition, only in homozygous. Indicated by lower case letter

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2
Q

Genotype vs Phenotype

A

A Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organisms

A Phenotype is the the physical appearance of an organism (Genotype + environment)

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3
Q

Homozygous VS Heterozygous

A

Homozygous – having identical genes (one from each parent) for a particular characteristic.

Heterozygous – having two different genes for a particular characteristic.

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4
Q

Genetics

A

branch of biology that deals with heredity and variation of organisms

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5
Q

What are Chromosomes

A

A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

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6
Q

how many Chromosomes do horses have

A

64 Chromosomes and 32 pairs

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7
Q

What is a gene

A

a unit of heredity; a section of DNA sequence encoding a single protein

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8
Q

What are Alleles?

A

two genes that occupy the same position on homologous chromosomes and that cover the same trait (like red versus black coat color).

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9
Q

What is interesting genetically about black and brown horses?

A

Black and brown are genetically the same

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10
Q

What are the horse base colors.

A

Black
Sorrel/chestnut
Bay
Grullo
Buckskin
Palomino

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11
Q

What are the “points” referred to in color

A

Muzzle
Mail/tail
Legs
possibly ears

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12
Q

What is the buckskin color base?

A

Bay horse with dilution gene

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13
Q

What is the palomino color base?

A

Sorrel with dilution gene

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14
Q

What is another name for gene E?

A

Extension gene

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15
Q

What does the extension gene do?

A

Determines the base color (black or red)

Capital E - dominent - created black hair color - body and/or points

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16
Q

What are the Extension gene genotypes

A

Genotypes

EE – Dominant Homozygous = Black

Ee – Heterozygous = Black

ee – Recessive Homozygous = Red

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17
Q

How can we know Genotype?

A

Genetic testing and parents

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18
Q

What is a Punnett Square?

A
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19
Q

What is another name for Gene A

A

Agouti gene

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20
Q

Gene A

Study These Flashcards
A

Has No effect on red gene

21
Q

What does the Agouti gene do?

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A

Distribution of black pigmented hair

dominant in bay horse recessive in black

eeAa = Red
EeAa = Bay
EEAa = Bay
Eeaa = Black

22
Q

What is the Dilution gene (cream locus)

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A

CCr- Single dilution
CC - No dilution
CrCr double dilution

23
Q

What does the Dilution gene (cream locus) look like in a perlino?

What is the base color?

24
Q

What are the 3 dilution genes?

Study These Flashcards
A

Perl, champagne, cream

25
What is the Roan gene (Roan locus)
Rn = roan rnrn = base color White and based colored hair intermixed, occurs on all base colors and dilutions.
26
What is the roan gene (roan locus) base color?
Sorrel with roan
27
What is the Dun locus gene?
Dn_ = Dun dndn = Base color Lightens body, has dark leg barring and dorsal stripe.
28
What colors include the dun gene
Red dun Bay dun Grullo
29
What is the grey locus gene?
G = Gray gg = base color horse born non-gray and greys with age masks other coat colors GG and Gg - grey phenotype Equine melanomas occur most often in grey horses
30
What is the white locus gene
WW= lethal white Ww= white ww base color No color in hair or skin Masks other patterns w1-w27 W/W Homozygous Dominants - not Born W/w - Heterozygous - white horses
31
Paint color patterns
Overo Tobiano
32
What classifies a Tobiano?
Dumped paint on top of horse Feet ant portions of legs usually white
33
T/T Homozygous dominant - Tobiano pattern always - Will always pass tobiano pheontype to foals - Highly desirable for breeding
34
Framed Overo
White does not cross the top line White patches centered in the body and neck
35
O/O - Homozygous - White, lives no more than a week - Lethal white Overo condition NEVER BREED A FRAMES OVERO TO ANOTHER FRAMED OVERO n/O - Heterozygus - Frame overo markings, coat pattern should be present in all horses with a single n/n - Negitive
36
Sabino Overo
Sb1/Sb1 - Homozygous - Cal almost be white in appearance
37
Splashed white - Overo
Dipped in white - large blaze occasionally deaf - Most exessive white on face and 2 blue eyes 4 different gene mutations SW-1, SW-2
38
White behind eye black eye mask Colonels smoking gun
39
Tovero
Combination of Overo and tobiano Many combinations
40
Leopard Complex
Appaloosa coat pattern varied levels of white spotting over base color Dominant - Lp Recessive -Lp
41
Leg and face markings
--------------------
42
Forms of identification
Markings Scars Microchip Brands Tattoos
43
Some genetic disorders
Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency - (GBED) Quarter Horses Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis - (HYPP) Quarter Horses & cross breeds) Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy - (PSSM1) – Draft, Warm Bloods, Stock Type Horses Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia - (HERDA) - Quarter Horses
44
Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency (GBED) Quarter Horses
Foals lack the ability to store glycogen - Cardiac and skeletal muscles and brain cannot function properly Recessive trait - only expressed if a genotype is homozygous QH - "stock type" breeds (estimates 10%) - Descendance of king Always fatal - no homozygous alive
45
Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP) Quarter Horses & cross breeds)
Genetic Defect - Disruption of the sodium ion channel in muscle cells - Results in involuntary muscle contractions (twitching), muscle weakness Symptoms - Muscle tremors, shaking, trembling and weakness - Paralysis, leading to sudden death Dominant Disorder - only one allele necessary for trait to be expressed - Homozygous (HH) more affected then heterozygous (Hh), homozygous recessive not effected (hh or n/n) Halter horse industry (Impressive) - Heavy muscling Stress and increased potassium (K) in blood can trigger (AQHA requires descendance of impressive to be tested and HH not eligible fore registration) Carrier horses - diets in low potassium and drugs
46
Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM1) – Draft, Warm Bloods, Stock Type Horses
Abnormal sugar storage in muscles - Tying-up (External Rhabdomyolysis (ER)) - muscle damage and inability to move Dominant disorder - Homozygous P1/P1 and heterozygous N/P1 affected - any carriers effected Management - Low sugar and starch diets - Exercise program - Vitamin E and selenium PSSM2 - not well researched
47
Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia (HERDA) - Quarter Horses
QH - Poco Bueno - Cutting horses Hrd/Hrd Lack of adhesion within the layers of skin - Recessive trait Prevention
48
Myosin-Heavy Chain Myopathy (MYHM)
Identified - Michigan state university- in 2017 - Reining horses, cow horses, halter horses - Muscle atrophy and or tying up - (nonexternal rhabdomyolysis) (ER) non exercised induced tying up. Dominant disorder - Homozygous MY/MY and heterozygous N/MY affected Triggers - Streptococcal infection/strangles - vaccinations - Immune stimulations - Muscle Damage

Equine Management (4 decks)

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