UNIT 2 Flashcards
1
Q
starts at the end of the first month up to the end of the first year of age. Infant’s growth and development during this period are rapid, and it is a time of continued adaptation.
A
The infancy period
2
Q
It is the period which starts at the end of the first month up to the end of the first year of age. Infant’s growth and development during this period are rapid.
A
normal infant
3
Q
is a helpful indicator of growth and development
A
Weight
4
Q
The average birth weight of the infant is
A
2.5kg to 3.5kg (5.5lb to10 lb.)
5
Q
They lose about ___day in the first 4-5 days after birth but regains weight by 10-12 days (30g per day).
A
20-30g per
6
Q
Calculating the Infant`s Weight
A
Age in months + 9/ 2
7
Q
Weight : the infant gains :
A
Birth to 4 months → ¾ kg /month 5 to 8 months → ½ kg / month 9 to 12 months → ¼ kg /month The infant will double his birth wt by 4-5 months and triple it by 1012 months of age
8
Q
Infant’s length measured from the top of their head to the bottom of one of their heels. It’s the same as their height, but height is measured standing up, whereas length is measured while your baby is lying down.
A
Height
9
Q
Height increase
A
1 inch / month during 1st 6 months ,
10
Q
-7-12 months average HEIGHT
A
½ inch / month
11
Q
Height increases __ at 1 year old
A
50%
12
Q
Length increases about 3 cm /month during the
A
1st 3 months of age, *
13
Q
increases 2 cm /month at age of
A
4-6 months,
14
Q
7 – 12 months, it increases
A
1 ½ cm per month
15
Q
The distance around the baby’s head, the infant’s head, is ¼ total body length. The average head circumference is about 34.5 cm at birth (13.5 inches).
A
Head circumference
16
Q
It increases about 2 cm /month during the 1st 3 months, * Then, ½ cm/month during the 2nd 9 months of age.
A
Head circumference
17
Q
closes by 6-8 weeks of age.
A
Posterior fontanel
18
Q
closes by 12-18 months of age.
A
Anterior fontanel
19
Q
Diamond in shape * The junction of the sagittal, corneal and frontal sutures forms it * Between 2 frontal & 2 parietal bones * 3-4 cm in length and 2-3 cm width * It closes at 12-18 months of age
A
Anterior fontanel
20
Q
- Triangular * Located between occipital & 2 parietal bones * Closes by the end of the 1st month of age
A
Posterior fontanel
21
Q
It is 30.5 to 33cm (usually 2–3cm less than head circumference). By the end of the 1st year, it will be equal to head circumference. Physiological growth of infants:Pulse 110-150 b/min Resp 35 ± 10 c/min Breath through nose. Blood pressure 80/50 ± 20/10 mmHg
A
Chest circumference
22
Q
- Pulse ( 120 to 160 b/min ). - Radial pulse is normally absent, if prominent suspect that there is PDA
- femoral pulse is normally palpable ,if (-) suspect Coartationof Aorta - Respiration ( 35 to 50b/min) .
A
Vital signs
23
Q
Pulse
A
( 120 to 160 b/min ).
24
Q
Respiration
A
( 35 to 50b/min) .
25
Temperature
(36.3 to37.2C ).
26
taking is done only once to rule out imperforated anus.
Rectal temperature
27
– dangerous failure to pass meconium after 24 hrs, abdominal distention, foul odor breath, vomitus of fecal material which might result in aspiration and cause respiratory problems.
Atretic agentice
28
nORMAL RESPIRATON
30 TO 60 RESPIRATIONS PER MIN
AVERAGE- 40 RESPIRATIONS PER MIN
29
HEART RATE APICAL
100 to 160 BPM
100 WHILE SLEEPING
160 WHILE CRYING
30
BLOOD PRESSURE AT BIRTH
AVE 75/42
SYSTOLIS
60 TO 80 MM HG
DIASTOLIC 40 TO 55 MM HG
31
Eruption of teeth starts by 5–6 months of age. It is called "Milky teeth" or "Deciduous teeth" or "Temporary teeth".
TEETH
32
recognize an object in the midline of their vision ,1-month-old infants see black and white patterns.
One-month-old infants
33
focus well (from about age six weeks) and follow objects with the eyes (although still not past the midline).
Two-month-old infants
34
Three-month-old infants
can follow an object across their midline.
35
recognize familiar objects, such as a frequently seen bottle, rattle, or toy animal.
At four-month-old infants
36
infants are capable of organized depth perception
Six months,
37
children pat their image in a mirror.
On seven-month-old
38
, an infant looks under a towel or around a corner for a concealed object (beginning of object permanence).
By ten months
39
is demonstrated by the 1-month-old child who quiets momentarily at a distinctive sound such as a bell or a squeaky rubber toy.
Hearing
40
has emerged as an essential modality for the facilitation of growth and development; positive effects of supplemental mechanosensory stimulation have been demonstrated in a wide range of organisms. An infant needs to be touched to experience skin-to-skin contact. Is promoted to have close physical contact.
Touch
41
begin forming early in fetal development. It is known that babies prefer sweet tastes over sour or bitter tastes. Infants demonstrate that they have an acute sense of taste by turning away from or spitting out feelings they do not enjoy.
Taste buds
42
can smell accurately within 1 or 2 hours after birth. They respond to an irritating smell by drawing back from it. They appear to enjoy pleasant odors and learn early to identify the familiar smell of breast milk
Infants
43
ROSS MOTOR Complete head lag Largely reflex visual fixation for human face
* Fine Motor Development The eyes are fixated on the person *Cries without tears to communicate because lacrimal glands are not fully developed *Keeps hands fisted thumbs in *Able to follow object to midline (looks at mobile)
1 MONTH
44
* GROSS MOTOR * Holds head & chest up when prone * gasp & tonic neck reflex are fading * sit with support
* FINE MOTOR * The baby knows how to cry * Laughs aloud * Babbles and "coos." * Follows object past midline
3 MONTHS
45
-keep head steady when held
-bring their head and chest
-ceyes can track object past midline
showing preference for their usual caregiver
-pay attention to new things or sounds
looking at objects until midline
baby can smile
turn head when someone is speaking
TWO MONTHS
46
*FINE MOTOR places everything in mouth, *grasps with both hands, *laugh aloud, *makes consonant sounds on bubbling sounds
4 MONTHS
47
*Turns front to back *Has head lag when pulled upright *Bears partial weight on feet when pulled upright
*Rollover *Hold blocks at each hand.
5 MONTHS
48
- roll both ways
sit upright
transfer items from one hand to the other
looking for hiddent objects
try to collect things they drop
express emotions
start babbling
feel anxious around strangers
prefer playing by themselves
6 months
49
* “dada,” “mama.” *Sleeps on prone position *Uses fingers to hold objects *Transfers object hand to hand.
7 motnhs
50
Can say words like “mama” and “dada” Continues to stand while supported by an object or person and can pull themselves up to standing Begins to cruise around tables and furniture Will start to point at things to communicate wants/needs Will search for hidden objects Begins to use a thumb-finger pincer grasp to pick things up
8 Month Old Milestones
51
sit up hands free
crawl
point at things
inferior pincer grasp
peek a boo
pat a cake
words that sound like mama or dada
wave goodbye
acute stanger anxiety
9 MONTHS
52
may begin to walk & climb, exhibits one handed dominance, may say 1 & 2 meaningful words, respond to own name
10 mos
53
understands meaning of “no”, shakes head to indicate no, can follow simple directions, cooperates with dressing activities, use of spoon, cruises, stands with assistance
11 mos
54
throw objects
stand by themselves
take a few steps
fine princes grasp
do things to see effect
experiment w trial and error
imitate gestures and sounds
use objects functionally
other words beside mama or dada
no and yes
cooperate w dressing
understand simple commands
point at pictures
feel separtaion anxiety
12 months
55
HEAD LAG
0
56
LIFT HEAD ON PRONE POSITION
2-
57
LIFT HEAD AND CHEST ON PRONE POSITION
4 -
58
-ROLL OVER
5
59
SITS WITH SUPPORT
6 –
60
BOUNCES FEET ON HEAD
7 –
61
SITS WITHOUT SUPPORT
8 -
62
CRAWLING AND CREEPING
9 –
63
- STAND WITH SUPPORT
10
64
CRUSING
11-
65
STAND WITHOUT SUPPORT AND WALK WITH SUPPORT
12
66
sitting up without support
6-8 months
67
rolling over
6 moths
68
tanding without support
10-12 months
69
first steps 1
12 months
70
palmar grasp
6 months
71
pincer grasp
9 months
72
brings objects to mouth
4 months
73
transfer objects from hand to hand
6-8 months
74
arm movement
0-3
75
Raking grasp
5
76
Crude pincer grasp
7–
77
Builds tower of 1 -2 level, uses spoon
12
78
Is how children begin to understand and process their world
-unlocks their creativity and imagination and develops, reading, thinking, and problem solving skills
Play
79
is central to your child’s learning and reflects development & awareness of the environment
Play
80
It consists of those activities performed for self-amusement that have behavioral, social, and psychomotor rewards. It is child-directed, and the rewards come from within the individual child; it is enjoyable and spontaneous.
Play
81
is independent. The child plays alone with toys that are different from those chosen by other children in the area
Solitary play
82
begins in infancy and is common in toddlers because of their limited social, cognitive, and physical skills. However, it is essential for all age groups to have some time to play by themselves.
Solitary play
83
uses Mobiles best if they are black and white or brightly colored and light enough in weight, so they move when someone walks by. Hearing is a second sense that is a source of pleasure for children in early infancy. Even newborns "listen" to the sound of a music box or a musical rattle. They stir and seem apprehensive at the sound of a loud rattle.
The solitary or non-interactive play
84
s to stimulate psychological development and offer diversion from boredom, pain & discomfort. Provide a means of communicating & experiencing feelings and aid in developing sensorimotor skills.
purpose of play
85
➢ Solitary play ➢ They play alone ➢ They play on there own body senses ➢ Toys should promote physical and sensory development ➢ Rattles , mobiles and squeeze toy
INFANCY
86
➢ Stranger anxiety ➢ Start at 6 month ➢ Peek at 8 month ➢ Diminished at 9 months
SPECIFIC FEARS of INFANCY
87
are mobiles, music boxes, stuffed animals with detachable parts & rattles.
Toys recommended for infants 1-3 months
88
will hold a light, small rattles for a short period but then drop them, mobiles, or cradle gyms.
2-month-old infants
89
children can handle small blocks or little rattles.
3-month-old
90
– squeeze toys, busy boxes, & play gyms at 4 -month-old children need a playpen, or a sheet spread on the floor, so they can exercise their new skill of rolling over. Rolling over is so intriguing it may serve as a "toy" for the entire month.
Appropriate toys for 4-6 months
91
objects to handle, such as plastic rings, blocks, squeeze toys, clothespins, rattles, and plastic keys.
For 5 -month-old infants -
92
can sit steadily enough to be ready for bathtub toys such as rubber ducks or plastic boats. The teething ring is also advised at this age because they are starting to teethe already.
On 6-month-old child
93
children can transfer toys; recommended toys are blocks, rattles, or plastic keys that are small enough to be used for this. Interested in brightly colored balls or toys are appropriate for they increase mobility.
7-month-old
94
hildren are sensitive to differences in texture. They enjoy having toyed with different feels to them, such as velvet, fur, fuzzy, smooth, or rough items.
An 8 -month-old c
95
needs the experience of creeping. It means time out of a crib or playpen, so there is room to maneuver. Enjoy toys that go inside one another, such as a nest of blocks or rings of assorted sizes that fit on a center post.
A 9-month-old infant
96
are ready for peek-a-boo and will spend a long time playing the game with their hands or with a cloth over their head that they can reach and remove.
Toys for ten months, infants
97
children have learned to cruise or walk along with low tables by holding on. They often find this so absorbing they spend little time doing anything else during the month.
For 11 months,
98
enjoy putting things in and taking things out of containers. They like little boxes that fit inside one another or dropping small blocks into a cardboard box. As soon as they can walk, they will be interested in pull toys. A lot of time may be spent in listening to someone saying nursery rhymes or listening to music.
In 12-month-old infants
99
mobiles, music boxes, stuffed animals with detachable parts & rattles
1-3 mos
100
squeeze toys, busy boxes, & play gyms
4-6 mos
101
various cloth-textures toys, splashing bath toys, large blocks, & large balls
7-9 mos
102
durable books with large pictures, large building blocks, nesting cups, & push pull toys
10-12 mo
103
nt is a critical part of child development. Ability to communicate and express and understand feelings. It also supports thinking and problem-solving and developing and maintaining relationships.
Language development
104
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
1 MONTH
(cry)
105
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
3 MONTH
(coos and gurgles)
106
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
4 MONTH
(laugh loud)
107
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
5 MONTH
(vocalizes displeasure)
108
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
6 MONTH
(extend arms to loves ones)
109
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
7 MONTH
(mmmmm when cry)
110
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
8 MONTH
(stranger anxiety)
111
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
9 MONTH
(mama/papa)
112
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
11 MONTH
(respond to name and understand no)
113
INTERPERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
2 MONTHS
(social smile)
114
INTERPERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
3 MONTHS
(recognized mother)
115
INTERPERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
4 MONTHS
(very talk active)
116
INTERPERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
7 MONTHS
(cough or clear throat to gain attention
117
INTERPERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
9 MONTHS
(cries when scolded)
118
INTERPERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
12 MONTHS
(follow direction)
119
Words and symbols are not yet available Communication through senses
0-2 years old Also called Practical Intelligenc
120
- 1 month - Early reflexes
Schema 1: Neonatal Reflexes
Schema 2 : Primary Circular Reaction
Scheme 3: Secondary Circular Behavior
Schema 4: Coordination of Secondary Reaction
Schema 5 : Tertiary Circular Reaction
Schema 6: Invention of New Means thru Mental Coordination
Schema 1: Neonatal Reflexes
121
- 1-4 months - Activities related to body : repetition of behavior - Example : thumbsucking
Schema 1: Neonatal Reflexes
Schema 2 : Primary Circular Reaction
Scheme 3: Secondary Circular Behavior
Schema 4: Coordination of Secondary Reaction
Schema 5 : Tertiary Circular Reaction
Schema 6: Invention of New Means thru Mental Coordination
Schema 2 : Primary Circular Reaction
122
4-8 months ○ Activities not related to the body ○ Discover person and object permanence ○ Memory traces are present and anticipate familiar events
Schema 1: Neonatal Reflexes
Schema 2 : Primary Circular Reaction
Scheme 3: Secondary Circular Behavior
Schema 4: Coordination of Secondary Reaction
Schema 5 : Tertiary Circular Reaction
Schema 6: Invention of New Means thru Mental Coordination
Scheme 3: Secondary Circular Behavior
123
-8-12 months -Exhibit goal directed behavior - Increase sense of permanence and separateness - Play activities: Throw and retrieve
Schema 1: Neonatal Reflexes
Schema 2 : Primary Circular Reaction
Scheme 3: Secondary Circular Behavior
Schema 4: Coordination of Secondary Reaction
Schema 5 : Tertiary Circular Reaction
Schema 6: Invention of New Means thru Mental Coordination
Schema 4: Coordination of Secondary Reaction
124
○ 12-18 months ○ Use trial and error to discover characteristic of places and events ○ “Invention” of new means ○ Capable of space and time perception
Schema 1: Neonatal Reflexes
Schema 2 : Primary Circular Reaction
Scheme 3: Secondary Circular Behavior
Schema 4: Coordination of Secondary Reaction
Schema 5 : Tertiary Circular Reaction
Schema 6: Invention of New Means thru Mental Coordination
Schema 5 : Tertiary Circular Reaction
125
- 18-24 months - Symbolic representation - Transitional phase to the pre-operational thought period
Schema 1: Neonatal Reflexes
Schema 2 : Primary Circular Reaction
Scheme 3: Secondary Circular Behavior
Schema 4: Coordination of Secondary Reaction
Schema 5 : Tertiary Circular Reaction
Schema 6: Invention of New Means thru Mental Coordination
Schema 6: Invention of New Means thru Mental Coordination
126
During this stage, the child begins to develop: ● Reflexes ● Habits ● Hand-eye coordination ● Object Permanence (knowing something exists, even though it can’t be seen) ● Experimentation and creativity. Piaget referred to the children in this stage as “little scientists.” ● Trial and error experiments
Sensorimotor Stage Birth to age 2
127
● Sensory perceptions ● Motor activities ● Infant trying to make sense of the world
Sensorimotor Stage Ages: birth to 2
128
● Reflexes (0-1 month) ● Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months) ● Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months) ● Coordination of Reactions (8-12 months) ● Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months) ● Early Representational Thought (18-24 months)
Sub Stages of the sensorimotor stage
129
Reflexes
(0-1 month)
130
Primary Circular Reactions
(1-4 months)
131
Secondary Circular Reactions
(4-8 months)
132
Coordination of Reactions
(8-12 months)
133
Tertiary Circular Reactions
(12-18 months)
134
Early Representational Thought
(18-24 months)
135
● an Australian neurologist ● founder of psychosexual. ● considered sexual instinct to be significant in the development of personality
Sigmund Freud
136
● It occurs during the first 18 months of life when the infant’s pleasure centers on the mouth. ● Chewing, sucking and biting are chief sources of pleasure and these actions reduces tension in the infant.
Oral Stage
137
This type of personality may have a stronger tendency to smoke, drink alcohol, over eat, or bite his or her nails. Discourage thumb sucking ● Personality wise, these individuals may become overly dependent upon others, gullible( innocent ,easy to fleece (cheat)), and perpetual (continuous)followers. ● On the other hand, they may also fight these urges and develop pessimism (doubt, distrust)and aggression toward others.
Oral Stage
138
are planes of moral adequacy conceived by Lawrence Kohlberg to explain the development of moral reasoning. ● This theory holds that moral reasoning, which is the basis for ethical behavior, has six identifiable developmental constructive stages
Kohlberg's stages of moral development
139
● Earliest stage of moral development ● Common in young children
○ They see rules as fixed and absolute. ● Morality is external
○ At this stage, children see rules as fixed and absolute.
○ Obeying the rules is important because it is a means to avoid punishment
Stage 1 Obedience & Punishment
140
STAGE 0 – UNDIFFERENTIATED FAITH (0-2 years old) It is called “pre-stage” referring to infancy, trust, hope, and love compete with environmental inconsistencies or threats of abandonment. Develops essential trust and mutuality (or lack thereof) with the one's providing care. The quality of interactions underlies all future faith development of the individual. (Fowler,2001)
FAITH Development Theory By James W. Fowler III
