Unit 2

Question 1

What is an Embryo?

Answer 1

A zygote that is completely embedded in the uterine wall.

Question 2

How long does an embryo last?

Answer 2

3-8 weeks.

Question 3

What is amniotic fluid?

Answer 3

Responsible for cushioning the embryo and maintaining temperature.

Question 4

What is the umbilical cord?

Answer 4

A tube that provides blood, nutrients, and oxygen, and allows waste to be exchanged.

Question 5

How much longer before the due date do babies have to be born to be considered premature?

Answer 5

3 weeks earlier than estimated time.

Question 6

What are teratogens?

Answer 6

Harmful agents that cause abnormal prenatal development.

Question 7

What are the chronological stages of a baby developing in the uterus?

Answer 7

Fertilization, Germinal Period, Embryonic Period, Fetal Period, and Fetus.

Question 8

What is the fertilization stage?

Answer 8

When the sperm goes into the egg.

Question 9

How long does the Germinal Period stage last?

Answer 9

First 2 weeks after fertilization,

Question 10

What is a Zygote?

Answer 10

This is the fertilized egg during the first 2 periods.

Question 11

What is the Embryonic Period?

Answer 11

The period when the embryo forms.

Question 12

When does the Fetal Period begin?

Answer 12

It begins 2 months after conception.

Question 13

How long does a fetus last?

Answer 13

9-38 weeks.

Question 14

What is the sucking reflex?

Answer 14

The reflex to automatically put things in the mouth (important to get nourishment),
disappears after 3-4 months.

Question 15

What is the rooting reflex?

Answer 15

The reflex to move their body to where they face felt a sensation (to help get something to suck),
disappear after 3-4 weeks.

Question 16

What is the moro reflex?

Answer 16

The reflex response to being startled occurs in response to sudden intense movements or noise, disappears after 3-4 months.

Question 17

What is sensation development the result of?

Answer 17

The result of a mixture of action & movements.

Question 18

What are gross motor skills?

Answer 18

Gross motor skills involve large muscle activities. (milestones can vary as much from
2-4 months)

Question 19

What are fine motor skills?

Answer 19

Fine motor skills involves in more finely tuned movements. (usually starts to appear around the 2 age mark)

Question 20

What is the occipital lobe?

Answer 20

Responsible for receiving and processing visual information (light, colour, movement).

Question 21

What is the parietal lobe?

Answer 21

Responsible for receiving and processing sensory information (pain, pressure, touch).
Able to understand the body’s position in space,
Interpretation of language and words,

Question 22

What is the temporal lobe?

Answer 22

Responsible for Memory creation, memory storage, emotions, organization, sequencing and hearing.
Wernicke’s Area → language

Question 23

What is the frontal lobe?

Answer 23

Still develops until young adulthood
Responsible for complex problems, reasoning, judgment, decision making, planning, personality, language formation (Broca’s area), body movement and self-awareness
Language formation (Broca’s area)
Body movement

Question 24

What is the brain stem?

Answer 24

Responsible for involuntary actions, such as heartbeat and breathing.

Question 25

What is the cerebellum?

Answer 25

Responsible for all physical movement, driving, throw a ball, walking across a room, eye movement and vision.

Question 26

What happens in the first year of a child's life?

Answer 26

- Recognize faces, preference of objects, happy and sad expressions - Recognize voice/sound - Cerebellum triples in size→ contributes to rapid development of motor skills - Visual areas of the cortex grow- vision develops - Growth of hippocampus - related to recognition memory Frontal and temporal lobes consolidate→ related to language (infant can identify a foreign language)

Question 27

What happens in the second year of a child's life?

Answer 27

- Most dramatic changes are in the brain LANGUAGE areas Vocabulary explosion happens at this age - Increase in rate or myelination- helps brain perform higher complex tasks I.e. self awareness- more aware of their emotions and intentions, Recognize themselves in a mirror

Question 28

What happens in the third year of a child's life?

Answer 28

- Synaptic density of the prefrontal cortex - Complex cognitive abilities are improved - Children can use the past to interpret present events - Can better understand cause and effect

Question 29

What are the two types of traumatic brain injury?

Answer 29

Penetrating head injury and concussions.

Question 30

What are the impacts of TBI?

Answer 30

- Slows mobility - Spasticity/ stifness of limbs - Paralysis - Sensory impairment - Epilepsies

Question 31

What are symptoms of CTE?

Answer 31

- Depression - Serve mood swings - Dementia

Question 32

How does CTE lead to death?

Answer 32

- Suicide for early stages - Dementia or parkinsons for late stages

Question 33

How to avoid CTE?

Answer 33

- Reinforcement of more safer options - Changes in rules - Limiting of contact - Avoidance of the sport altogether

Question 34

What is Cellular Clock Theory?

Answer 34

Cells can divide a maximum of 75-80 times; this places the maximum human life span at 120–125 years of age. Telomeres become shorter each time a cell divides.

Question 35

What is Free-Radical Theory?

Answer 35

People age because when cells metabolize energy, the by-products include unstable oxygen molecules, or free radicals. Free radicals damage DNA and other cellular structures.

Question 36

What is Mitochondrial Theory?

Answer 36

Aging is due to the decay of mitochondria. Mitochondria are tiny bodies within cells that supply essential energy for function, growth, and repair.

Question 37

What is Hormonal Stress Theory?

Answer 37

Aging in the body’s hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease. Prolonged, elevated levels of stress hormones are associated with increased risks for many diseases.

Question 38

What are some benefits of exercise?

Answer 38

- Linked to increased longevity - Related to the prevention of common chronic diseases associated with improvement in the treatment of many diseases - Can optimize body composition and reduce the decline in motor skills as aging occurs - Reduces the likelihood that older adults will develop mental health problems Linked to improved brain and cognitive functioning

Question 39

What is an intersex person?

Answer 39

Someone born with both XX and XY chromosomes. 1/2000 people are born intersex.

Question 40

What is noninvasive prenatal testing?

Answer 40

This is a screening that can identifies fetal cells by the floating placenta in the blood This is more effective at determining the babies sex.

Question 41

What are some impacts of intersex surgeries?

Answer 41

- Have been linked to many physical and psychological injuries - Most surgeries done are cosmetic and unnecessary - Doctors use some pre-implantation testing to stop some intersex features to come out

Question 42

What are some impacts of intersex surgeries throughout life (physical/psychological)?

Answer 42

- Scarring - Incontinence: lack of control of defecation (removing feces from bowels) or urination - Loss of sexual senation - Psychological trauma - Sterilization (can’t produce offspring)