UNIT 2

Question 1

X-ray photography

Answer 1

spotting out structures which differ substantially in the degree of X-ray absorbance

Question 2

contrast X-rays

Answer 2

injecting substance that absorbs X-rays to highlight certain area

Question 3

X-ray computed tomography

Answer 3

patients lies and X-ray tube rotates taking photographs until 3d representation is created

Question 4

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Answer 4

waves that hydrogen atoms emit produce high-resolution images

Question 5

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Answer 5

images of brain activity rather than structure. Need to inject substance (most common ligands)

Question 6

Functional MRI

Answer 6

Images of active areas of the brain, as they take up more oxygenated blood. Provides structural and functional information and gives 3D images

Question 7

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Answer 7

pathways where water molecules diffuse (tracts)

Question 8

transcranial magnetic stimulation

Answer 8

technique to turn off an area of the cortex to determine causation

Question 9

Scalp Electroencephalography

Answer 9

measure of electrical activity of the brain. Signal decrease in amplitude as they spread, so you can find origin. Signal averagin is used

Question 10

megnetoencephalography

Answer 10

changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp (they are small, so only measure on surface)

Question 11

muscle tension

Answer 11

2 electrodes on surface of the skin on muscle of intrest

Question 12

eye movement

Answer 12

measure potential difference of positive and negative of eyeball. It can be recorded horizontally or vertically

Question 13

skin conductance

Answer 13

measure emotional situations

Question 14

heart rate

Answer 14

electrodes placed on chest (70 rest)

Question 15

blood pressure

Answer 15

contraction, systole // relaxed diastole. Ratio 130/70

Question 16

blood volume

Answer 16

wrap strain gauge and flash a light through the tissue to see amount of light absorbed

Question 17

stereotaxic surgery

Answer 17

experimental devices placed on brain. Stereotaxic atlas and stereotaxic intrsument

Question 18

Aspiration Lesion

Answer 18

lesion in accessible area to the eyes

Question 19

radio-frequency lesions

Answer 19

high-frequency current through target tissue

Question 20

knife cuts

Answer 20

cut to elimate conduction

Question 21

reversible lesions

Answer 21

temporarily eliminating activity of area

Question 22

electrical stimulations

Answer 22

delivered across two tips of bipolar electrode to increase neuron firing

Question 23

intracellular unit recording

Answer 23

moment by moment record on a neuron’s membrane potential

Question 24

extracellular unit recording

Answer 24

recording electrical activity of neuron extracellular fluid through microelectrode.More record of firing of a neuron, used flexible microelectrodes due to moving animals

Question 25

multiple-unit recording

Answer 25

picking up signals from many neurons

Question 26

invasive EEG recording

Answer 26

EEG recording through implanted electrodes

Question 27

2-Deoxyglucose technique

Answer 27

inject 2-DG and engage in activity of intrest. 1. Absorb 2-DG but not metabolize it 2. Dies and brain removed and sliced 3. Sliced in autoradiography, areas absorbing 2-DG black spots

Question 28

cerebral dyalisis

Answer 28

measuring the extracellular concentration ofspecific neurochemicals 1. Implant fine tube 2. Extracellular chemicals diffuse into tube 3. Collected by freezing, storing and analyzing // solution direct to chromotograph

Question 29

immunocytochemistry

Answer 29

locating neuroproteins by labeling antibodies with a dye

Question 30

In situ Hybridization

Answer 30

1. Hybrid RNA strands obtained 2. Hybrid RNA strands labelled with dye 3. Hybrid RNA strands bind to complementary mRNA strands

Question 31

gene knockou technique

Answer 31

creating organisms who lack a particular gene

Question 32

gene replacement technique

Answer 32

replacing a gene with another

Question 33

Green fluorescent protein

Answer 33

protein bright green when exposed ro blue light. Used to visualize particular cells (variants of gene can express other colors)

Question 34

single-test approach

Answer 34

discriminate between patients with structural brain damage and functional brain changes (standarized test battery is more than 1 test)

Question 35

customized test battery approach

Answer 35

to identify the nature of psychological deficits. Scientists measure how well you do it and your cognitive strategy. They measure intelligence memory language language lateralization

Question 36

sodium amytal test

Answer 36

inject sodium amytal into left or right carotid artery. It antesthesizes same side hemisphere and when you do language tests, if you anesthiseze dominant part you are mute, other part, minor speech problems

Question 37

dichotic listening test

Answer 37

spoken digits 3 one side 3 other, you remember most dominant part

Question 38

repetition priming test

Answer 38

list of words and then you have incomplete words, the same as before and have to complete them. Amnesic patients are not conscious of any of the words shown before

Question 39

wisconsin Card Sorting

Answer 39

cards with different shapes, color and numbers, when you spot pattern they change. Frontal lobe damaged makes it difficult to spot previous pattern has changed

Question 40

paired image subtraction technique

Answer 40

do 2 tasks and subtract the brain activity of one from the other, to measure the brain activity of a specific task

Question 41

default mode

Answer 41

brain activity when humans are wandring in their mind, not much effort

Question 42

default mode network

Answer 42

brain structures active in default mode and les acctive in complex cognitive processes

Question 43

thigmotaxic

Answer 43

low activity score of animal but high bolus sounts indicate fearfulness

Question 44

test of aggresiveness

Answer 44

measure behaviour of dominant male rat and male intruder

Question 45

test of defensive behavior

Answer 45

if you pick up a rat, no resistance low defense, biting, high defense

Question 46

test of sexual behaviour

Answer 46

1. male behind female 2. receptive female, lordosis position 3. male inserts penis, intromission 4. male jumps backwards and second later intromits once agein 5. need 10 cycles to ejaculate

Question 47

pavlovian conditioning paradigm

Answer 47

pairing conditiona with uncoditional stimulus, at first unconditional response. It ends with conditional response similar to unconditional

Question 48

operant conditioning paradigm

Answer 48

rate of a voluntary response increases with reinforcement or decreases with punsihment

Question 49

conditioned taste aversion

Answer 49

avoidance of food that has developed illness. Only need a single trial, no matter time of feeling ill

Question 50

principle of equipotentiality

Answer 50

conditioning process occurs always in a similar way regardless of stimuli and response

Question 51

radial arm maze

Answer 51

after few days rarely visit unbaited arms and rarely visit baited arms more than onece a day

Question 52

morris water maze

Answer 52

they need to discover escape platform. Eventhough starting point is varied after a few trials rats learn how to swim directly to platform

Question 53

conditioned defensive burying

Answer 53

there is an aversive object on wall of a chamber. After one trial they through bedding material to avoid getting harmed