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Lifespan Development > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Gross Motor Behaviors

A

involve large muscle activities

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2
Q

Fine Motor Behaviors

A

involve small muscle activities

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3
Q

Sensation

A

receiving sensory input

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4
Q

Perception

A

interpreting sensation

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5
Q

Sucking reflex

A

when something is put in an infant’s mouth they will automatically start to suck it

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6
Q

Rooting reflex

A

When something touches an infant’s face they will turn their head in that direction

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7
Q

Grasping reflex

A

When something touches an infant’s palm they will clench their hands

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8
Q

Moro reflex

A

infants will fling their arms and legs out when startled by a loud/sudden sound or movement

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9
Q

Palmer grasp

A

clamp with hand

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10
Q

Pincer grasp

A

grasp with thumb and another finger

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11
Q

Dynamic systems perspective

A

development is influenced by: maturation, physical capacities, motivation, experiences

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12
Q

Visual preference tasks

A

two stimuli are presented and how long the infant looks at each one is measured

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13
Q

habituation tasks

A

expose infant to one stimuli until they are dishabituated, then present them with a new stimuli

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14
Q

visual cliff

A

infants with crawling experience understand depth perception: fear

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15
Q

child-directed speech

A

higher pitched, exaggerated intonation that infants prefer

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16
Q

cat in the hat studies

A

infants can remember things prenatally and show preference

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17
Q

cataracts

A

clouded lenses

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18
Q

glaucoma

A

pressure builds up behind the eye and presses on the optical nerve

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19
Q

macular degeneration

A

center of retina deteriorates, resulting in center of vision being comprimised

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20
Q

Infant vision

A
  • newborn vision is poor, but improves within the first year
  • poor color vision, fuzzy, needs to be up close to be seen
  • scans objects
  • can discriminate between people/primates
  • drawn to more attractive/female faces
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21
Q

Perceptual narrowing

A

infants are more likely to distinguish between faces they’ve seen before than faces they haven’t seen

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22
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

sensory stimulation is changing but perception remains constant

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23
Q

size constancy

A

objects remain the same regardless of distance

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24
Q

shape constancy

A

objects remain the same shape despite orientation

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25
Q

Perception of occluded objects

A
  • infants perceive what is visible
  • around 2 months, they can perceive hidden objects as whole
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26
Q

Hearing

A
  • can’t hear soft/low sounds well
  • prefer child directed speech
  • recognize/prefer mom’s voice
  • can detect differences in languages (goes away around 6 months)
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27
Q

Smell/Taste

A

both pretty well developed at birth: have some preferences

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28
Q

adolescence/early adulthood

A
  • (20-30) peak gross development
  • around 30 things start declining
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29
Q

Older adulthood

A
  • difficulty with balance, coordination, strength
  • fine motor skills decline
  • tremors
  • eye lens become less flexible
  • decreased dark adaptation
  • hearing declines
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30
Q

presbyopia

A

lens yellow, compromising color vision

31
Q

Schemes

A

actions/mental representations that organize knowledge

32
Q

Vygotsky

A

children construct their knowledge of the world with the assistance of more experienced people

33
Q

Vygotsky: sociocultural approach

A

influences of the social environment, culture, and language

34
Q

guided participation

A

shared endeavors that guide someone through learning

35
Q

zone of proximal development

A

space between what someone can do along and what they can do with the help from someone more experienced

36
Q

scaffolding

A

changing level of support

37
Q

private speech

A

children speak out loud to themselves, often when problem-solving

38
Q

inner speech

A

thoughts, internalizing their egocentric speech

39
Q

Piaget

A

children construct knowledge through interactions with the world, understanding depends on what an individual knows and their stage of development

40
Q

assimilation

A

someone uses current understandings to interpret new information

41
Q

accommodation

A

someone adjusts understandings in response to new information

42
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

0-2 years, thoughts based on sensorimotor activities

43
Q

Simple reflexes

A

infants use reflexes to interpret their experiences

44
Q

Primary circular reactions

A

Repetitive behaviors that are initially learned by chance and focused only on the infant’s body

45
Q

Secondary circular reactions

A

repetitive behaviors that are initially learned by chance

46
Q

coordinated secondary circular reactions

A

intentional/goal-directed behaviors emerge and become more coordinated

47
Q

Tertiary circular reactions

A

different behaviors with same object

48
Q

mental combinations

A

mental representations and symbolic understanding start to emerge

49
Q

Preoperational

A

(2-7), children start to mentally represent the world

50
Q

Symbolic function

A

mentally represent objects

51
Q

Egocentric

A

unable to take on another person’s perspective

52
Q

Private speech

A

sign of egocentrism (piaget)

53
Q

Animism

A

giving inanimate objects life-like qualities

54
Q

Conservation

A

understanding that a change in appearance does not change certain underlying properties

55
Q

centration

A

focus only on one aspect of something

56
Q

Concrete Operational

A

(7-11), children can mentally manipulate information if its concrete

  • less egocentric and more logical
  • can pass conservation tasks and centrate less
  • think about facts, objects, mental operations
57
Q

Seriation

A

ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension

58
Q

transitivity

A

ability to logically combine relations to reach certain conclusions

59
Q

Formal operational

A

(11+), can reason hypothetically, abstractly, and systematically

  • hypothetical deductive reasoning
  • adolescent egocentrism
60
Q

adolescent egocentrism

A

heightened sense of self-consciousness

61
Q

personal fable

A

feelings of uniqueness and invincibility

62
Q

imaginary audience

A

believing that others are thinking about/observing them

63
Q

Intelligence

A

ability to solve problems and learn/adapt in response to the environment or experiences

64
Q

fluid intelligence

A

ability to solve problems, think abstractly, learn new things, reason

65
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

acquired knowledge, facts, increases with age

66
Q

intelligence quotient

A

quantitative measure of intelligence relative to others or a norm, normally distributed

67
Q

Bayley scales of infant development

A

assesses cognitive, motor, socio-emotional, communication, and adaptive behavior

68
Q

fagan test

A

asses infant attention and information processing, habituation

69
Q

sternberg’s theory

A

triarchic theory

  • analytical (problem-solving)
  • creative (dealing with new situations)
  • practical (applying, adapting, shaping)
70
Q

Gardner’s theory

A

proposed 9 separate intelligences, thought to be mostly independent of each other

71
Q

wisdom

A

having experience, knowledge, and good judgement in important aspects of life

72
Q

creativity

A

creating original and novel responses

73
Q

convergent

A

one solution for a problem

74
Q

divergent thinking

A

many solutions for a problem

Lifespan Development (3 decks)

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