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Higher chemistry > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What functional group do alcohols contain?

A

Hydroxyl (OH)

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2
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH

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3
Q

What are the three types of alcohol?

A

Primary, secondary, Tertiary

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4
Q

What makes the alcohols the three types?

A

the position of the OH group

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5
Q

Properties of primary alcohols

A

-OH group is Joined onto the first carbon
- can oxidise to become carboxylic acid (Primary alcohol -> aldehyde -> CA)

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6
Q

Properties of secondary alcohols

A

-OH group is joined onto an intermediate carbon chain
-can oxidise to become a ketone (Secondary alcohol -> ketone)

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7
Q

Properties of tertiary alcohols

A

-OH group is joined to an intermediate carbon chain that also as a branch attatched
-cannot oxidise

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8
Q

Properties of alcohols

A

-contain hydrogen bonding
-smaller alcohol molecules are miscible
-Number of OH groups increase= mp and bp increases
SRONGER INTERMOLECULAR BONDING= HIGHER MP AND BP= HIGHER VISCOSITY AND LESS SOLUBLE IN WATER

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9
Q

What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?

A

Carboxyl group (COOH)

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10
Q

What is the general formula for a carboxylic acid?

A

CnH2n+1COOH

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11
Q

Why are carboxylic acids acidic?

A

Carboxylic acid dissociates in solution, H+ becomes detatched

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12
Q

Stages of oxidisation in a primary alcohol

A

STAGE 1: Looses hydrogen to form an aldehyde
STAGE 2: gains oxygen to from a carboxylic acid

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13
Q

What is the functional group of an aldehyde?

A

Carbonyl (C=O)

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14
Q

What is the general formula for an aldehyde?

A

CnH2nO

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15
Q

What does an aldehydes name end in?

A

al

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16
Q

Stages of oxidisation in a secondary alcohol

A

STAGE 1: looses hydrogen to form a ketone

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17
Q

What is the functional group of a ketone?

A

Carbonyl (C=0)

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18
Q

What is the general formula for a ketone?

A

CnH2nO

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19
Q

What does a ketones name end in?

A

one

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20
Q

Why do tertiary alcohols not oxidise?

A

Theres not a hydrogen atom attatched to the same carbon as the hydroxyl group

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21
Q

What are oxidising agents used in the lab and their colour changes?

A

Acidified potassium dichromate= Orange-> green
Hot copper (II) oxide= black -> brown solic
Tollens= colourless -> silver mirror
Fehlings= blue-> brick red

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22
Q

What are antioxidants?

A

they are molecules which are easily oxidised in place of the compounds they have been added to

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23
Q

How is an ester formed?

A

condensation reaction.
alcohol + carboxylic acid⇌ester + water

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24
Q

What is the functional group of an ester?

A

-COO

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25
How do we name esters?
The first part comes from the alcohol and ends in -yl, the second part comes from the carboxylic acid and ends in -oate
26
What is the catalyst for making esters in the lab?
concentrated sulphuric acid
27
why is a wet paper towel put around the top of the test tube?
to act as the condenser
28
Why do we not use a flame when heating alcohol?
alcohol is flammable
29
how do we know an ester has formed?
1. an aroma 2. an oily layer has formed
30
What are the uses of ester?
can extract caffeine from coffee and tea
31
What is hydrolysis?
the opposite of a condensation reaction. Ester + water⇌ alcohol + carboxylic acid
32
Why are fat and oils essential?
fats and oils are essential for transport and storage of fat soluble vitamins in the body
33
What are fats and oils?
naturally occurring esters
34
how are fats and oils formed?
by a condensation reaction between glyceron (alcohol) and 3 fatty acids
35
What is the structure of glycerol?
CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH
36
What is the structure of one fatty acid?
OH-C -R1 || O
37
Are fats and oils water soluble and volatile?
they are not soluble but are volatile
38
what is the ratio of glycerol to fatty acids?
1:3
39
What are the properties of fats?
Fats are solid. They are saturated. Due to this they have a closely packed structure, havinf stronger LDF's, resulting in higher mp and bp
40
What are the properties of oils?
Oils are liquids. They are unsaturated meaning they have double bonds. Due to this they have a distorted structure that can't pack as closely together and their LDF's are weaker, meaning lower mp and bp
41
How do we test the degree of unsaturation
bromine water, if unsaturation bromine water will decolourise
42
What do the amounts of bromine water tell us about the unsaturation?
the more drops added the more unsaturated the oil is
43
What does the iodine number tell us about the degree of unsaturation?
greater the iodine number the more unsaturated
44
How can oils be converted into fats?
hydrogenation- also known as hardening
45
What reaction produces soap?
Alkaline hydrolysis, or saponification
46
What happens during alkaline hydrolysis?
the ester links are broken between glycerol and three fatty acids
47
What is the structure of sodium salts?
O || Na+O-_C_R
48
Describe the structure of soap
non-polar carbon chain, hydrphobic tail. polar carboxylate, hydrophilic head
49
What are soaps?
emulsifiers
50
What is an emulsifier?
molecules that allow water and oil to mix
51
How is a micelle formed?
When the hydrophobic tail sticks to the oil, forming a barrier and the hydrophilic head sticks to the water. this forms a micelle
52
Why are detergents used?
In places with hard water (contain metal ions)
53
Describe the structure of detergents
they have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail but do not contain carboxylate head
54
Whats a type of organic compound that are used for their fragrance?
essential oils
55
What are the uses of essential oils?
- cosmetics - flavoring - perfumes - cleaning products
56
What is the name for extracting essential oils?
steam distilation
57
What are terpenes?
they are unsaturated compounds joined together by isoprene units
58
What is the name for isoprene unit?
2-methyl-1,3-diene
59
What is the isoprene rule?
(C5H8)n, where there is an 'n' that is the number of linked isoprene units
60
How do we figure out the number of isoprene units?
Divide the number of carbons by 5
61
What are the two types of terpenes?
linear, cyclical
62
Why would we want to prevent the oxidation of terpenes?
because this can alter the properties and smell, this can be prevented by being kept in brown bottles
63
What are the three types of UV?
UVA, UVB, UVC
64
What does exposure to to molecules?
exposure to UV light gives molecules enough energy for bonds to break. This forms free radicals
65
What are the types of UV damage and info?
SUNBURN- skin becomes inflames and red in response to overexposure to UV. Skin may peel to get rid of damaged cells. PHOTOAGING- UVA & UVB exposure causes collagen to break down. as skin attempts to repair itself, it does so imperfictley and solar scars form. SKIN CANCER- UV light damage DNA in cells and stop it functioning correctly. Mutations to genetic material can cause cancerous growths.
66
How does sun screen protect the skin from UV light?
Filter the UV light, organic
67
How does sun block protect the skin from UV light?
Reflects UV light, inorganic
68
What are free radicals?
atoms formed which have unpaired electrons and, as a result, are highly reactive
69
How are free radicals formed?
when UV light breaks bonds
70
What are the name of the steps of free radical chain reactions?
Initiation, propagation, termination
71
Give a summary of each step in a free radical chain reaction
EXAMPLE FORMATION OF H-Cl INITIATION- starts reaction, UV light causes some CL bonds to break. TWO FR ON RIGHT (Cl-Cl->Cl* + Cl*) PROPAGATION- highly reactive Cl free radicals react with H forming H-Cl. FR ON BOTH SIDES (H-H + Cl*-> H-Cl + H*) TERMINATION- Free radicals react with other free radicals to form stable substance. Stops reaction (H*+H*->H-H, CL*+Cl*->Cl-Cl)
72
What are free radical scavengers?
molecules which react with free radicals to form stable molecules and prevent chain reactions
73
Give an example of a free radical scavenger
antioxidant
74
What are proteins made up of?
amino acids
75
What is the link that forms when amino acids join?
-CONH
76
What are the bonds formed between amino acids?
Peptide link/amide link
77
How is the function of a protein determined?
by it's shape
78
How can a protein be described?
Fibrous, gobular
79
How would you describe fibrous proteins?
long and thin and are the major structural material of animal tissue
80
How would you describe Globular proteins?
have spiral chains folded into compact units. involved in maintenance and regulation of life processes and include enzymes and hormones
81
What functional groups do amino acids contain?
Amine (NH2), carboxyl (-COOH)
82
What reaction forms proteins?
condensation polymerisation
83
How are proteins made back into amino acids?
hydrolysis, water molecules are also formed
84
What are essential amino acids?
cannot be produced by our body, must be present in our diet
85
What are enzymes?
enzymes are proteins, which act as biological catalysts
86
What happens when to the catalyst when temperature increases?
enzyme will denature. changes colour and texture
87
What do the spots on chromatography paper indicate?
how many amino acids there are

Higher chemistry (3 decks)

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