Unit 2 Flashcards

Question

Describe papain

Answer 1

- Cleaves the IgG molecule below the set of the disulfide bonds that holds the two heavy chains together, resulting in formation of 3 fragments: 2 Fab fragments and1 Fc fragment

Answer 2

-each have one light chain and one half of a heavy chain - Located at amino-terminal end of the molecule - both are identical - have antigen-binding capability

Answer 3

- Consists of the carboxyl-terminal halves of two heavy chains held together by disulfide bonds - spontaneously crystallizes at 4°C -does not bind antigen - contain constant regions CH2 and CH3*

Answer 4

- Cleaves IgG at the carboxyl- terminal side of the interchain disulfide bonds -2 fragments: F(ab’)2 fragment and Fc’

Answer 5

- Molecular weight of 100,000 daltons - contains all the antigen- binding ability in pepsin

Answer 6

- In carboxyl- terminal portion of the molecule which is disintegrated into several smaller pieces -has no biological activity

Answer 7

-The segment of heavy chain located between the CH1 and CH2 -rich in hydrophobic residues -high proline content that allows for flexibility

Answer 8

- Lets the two antigen binding sites operate independently and engage in angular motion relative to each other and to the Fc stem -initiation of complement cascade -binding to cells with specific receptors for the Fc portion of molecule

Answer 9

IgG IgD IgA

Answer 10

CH2 are paired in such a way as to confer flexibility to the Fab arms

Answer 11

4 polypeptide chains Carbohydrate portion

Answer 12

Between the CH2 domains of the two heavy chains

Answer 13

①increasing solubility of immunoglobulin ②provide protection against degradation of molecule ③enhancing functional activity of Fc domains ( most important)

Answer 14

Isotype Allotype Idiotype

Answer 15

- Unique amino acid sequences that are common to all immunoglobulins of given class/subclass -identical in all individuals of given species and differ from one species to another

Answer 16

Constant regions of the heavy chains that are unique to each immunoglobulin class and give each type its name

Answer 17

By immunizing animals with human serum

Answer 18

- Minor variations of amino acid sequences that are present in some individuals of the same species but not others

Answer 19

- four Ig classes -one IgA subclass - lambda light chain

Answer 20

- Found in the constant region

Answer 21

-The variable portion of each immunoglobulin chain are unique to a specific antibody molecule - essential to the formation of the antigen binding site

Answer 22

At the amino-terminal ends of both heavy chains and light chains

Answer 23

800-1600 mg/dl

Answer 24

- Monomer - consists of one tetrapeptide unit

Answer 25

- Number of Svedberg units - measure of the rate by which the molecule sediments is a high-speed ultracentrifuge, and the S- value reflects the molecular weight of the molecule

Answer 26

IgG1 IgG2 IgG3 IgG4

Answer 27

IgG1→ 66% IgG2→ 23% IgG3→7% IgG4→ 4%

Answer 28

protein antigens

Answer 29

Polysaccharide antigens

Answer 30

All subclasses in IgG except IgG2

Answer 31

①The CH2 region is able to bind to complement ② important mediator of opsonization ③ participates in antibody- dependent cellular cytotoxicity ④ ability to bind to bacterial toxins and viruses and neutralize their activity ⑤ can cross placenta ⑥ agglutination reactions and precipitation takes place in vitro.

Answer 32

In an enhanced inflammatory response and destruction of foreign cells such as bacteria

Answer 33

IgG3 →it was the largest hinge region and the largest number of interchain disulfide bonds

Answer 34

- The coating of a foreign antigen that leads to enhanced phagocytosis

Answer 35

They bind most strongly to Fc receptors

Answer 36

-IgG binds to Fc receptors on the surface of marophrages, monocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells - binding triggers the release of enzymes by the cells, which destroy the antigen extracellularly

Answer 37

Has a high diffusion coefficient that allows it to enter extravasular spaces more readily than the other immunoglobulin types

Answer 38

Because the placenta possesses receptors for the Fc region of IgG molecules, which take up the antibodies by receptor- mediated endocytosis and transport them to the fetal blood.

Answer 39

Providing immunity to the newborn during its first few months of life, when its immune system is immature

Answer 40

Precipitation because it involves small soluble particles, which are brought together more easily by the relatively small IgG molecule.

Answer 41

Macroglobulin because it is the largest of all the immunoglobulin classes

Answer 42

Pentameter of five monomers held together by J chain (joining)

Answer 43

- Glycoprotein that holds together monomers - cysteine residues form disulfide bonds that link the carboxyl- terminal ends of adjacent monomers in IgM and IgA

Answer 44

- Mu heavy chains and either kappa or lambda light chains -mu heavy chains possess one more constant domain (CH4) adding to its large size

Answer 45

120-150 mg/dl

Answer 46

Because of IgMs multiple binding sites

Answer 47

IgM because a single molecule can initiate the reaction when complement binds to two adjacent cha regions

Answer 48

In the intravascularpool and not in other body fluids or tissues because of its large size

Answer 49

70-350 mg/dl

Answer 50

Between the beta and gamma bands

Answer 51

- Alpha heavy chains - contains one variable regions - contains three constant regions - dimer, two monomers held together by J chain

Answer 52

IgA1 and IgA2

Answer 53

By 22 amino acids, 13 of which are located in hinge region (deleted in IgA2)

Answer 54

Make IgA2 more resistant to some bacterial proteinases that are able to cleave IgA1

Answer 55

_ Secretions at mucosal surfaces -along respiratory,urogenital, and intestinal mucosa -appears in breast milks saliva, tears, sweat, and colostrum

Answer 56

-Anti-inflammatory agent - downregulate IgG mediated phagocytosis, chemotaxis, bactericidal activity, and cytokine release

Answer 57

Essential for polymerization and secretion of IgA

Answer 58

Plasma cells found mainly in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue and is released in dimeric form

Answer 59

- serves as specific receptors for IgA - precursor is present on surface of epithelial cells

Answer 60

From epithelial cells found in plasma cells

Answer 61

Subepithelial tissue

Answer 62

-Transcytosis -Both of them are taken inside the cell and released at the opposite surface

Answer 63

- To patrol mucosal surfaces and act as a first line of defense by preventing antigens from penetrating farther into the body

Answer 64

Neutralizing toxins produced by microorganisms and helps prevent bacterial and viral adherence to mucosal surfaces

Answer 65

IgA complex

Answer 66

- breast milk

Answer 67

Passively transferring antibodies

Answer 68

Macrophages Monocytes Neutrophil

Answer 69

A respiratory burst and degranulation, indicating that IgA is capable of acting as an opsonin

Answer 70

-unusually long -58 amino acids

Answer 71

Because of its long hinge region.this may be the reason for its short half life

Answer 72

Surface of unstimulated B cell

Answer 73

- B cell maturation and differentiation - not exactly understood

Answer 74

High level of surface expression and its intrinsic flexibility

Answer 75

Very low concentration in serum and the fact that it has the ability to activate mast cells and basophils

Answer 76

0.005 mg/dl

Answer 77

-epsilon heavy chain is composed of one variable and four constant domains - A single disulfide bond joins each epsilon chain to a light chain, and two disulfide bonds link the heavy chains to one another

Answer 78

IgE heating to 56°C for between 30 minutes and 3 hours results in conformational change and loss of ability to bind to target cells

Answer 79

None of these

Answer 80

- Basophils - eosinophils - Langerhern cells - tissue mast cells → through nigh affinity receptors for the Fc portion of epsilon chain,which are exclusively on the surface of these cells

Answer 81

Primarily in lungs and in the skin

Answer 82

Mainly in the skin, -lining of the respiratory and alimentary tracts

Answer 83

A cascade of cellular events is initiated that results in degranulation of the mast cells with the release of vasoactive amines such as histamine and heparin

Answer 84

- Type I immediate hypersensitivity - “allergic reaction"

Answer 85

- Anaphylactic shock - Asthma - diarrhea -hay fever -hives -vomiting

Answer 86

Serve a protective role by tinggering an acute inflammatory reaction that recruits neutrophils and eosinophils to the area to help destroy invading antigens that have penetrated IgA defenses

Answer 87

Primary antibody response

Answer 88

-IgM shows up first - Lag phase between the encounter with the antigen and the production of detectable antibody - low affinity - amount of antibody produced are relatively low and decline during the span of a few weeks

Answer 89

- lasts 4 and 7 days - T and B cells are being activated to respond to the antigen by the T- dependent mechanism of antibody production

Answer 90

Results in the generation of antibody- secreting plasma cells

Answer 91

- Plasma cells - expand into clonesof memory cells (long lived)

Answer 92

Memory cells have undergone genetic changes that allow them to: ① resist apoptosis ② express high affinity antigen receptors ③ switch their production from IgM to another isotope, predominantly IgG

Answer 93

It memory cells are exposed to the same antigen weeks, months, or even years later, they can rapidly differentiate into plasma cells and larger amounts of antibody are produced

Answer 94

- Shorter lag time → 1-2 - high affinity - results in production of low levels of IgM that rapidly decline - results in higher levels of other immunoglobulin isotypes, mainly IgG - levels decline slowly and persistfor longer periods

Answer 95

-Body has numerous clones of lymphocytes, each possessing surface receptors with a unique specificity -when body is exposed to antigen, the antigen selectively binds to receptors on cells to proliferate and mount antibody responses

Answer 96

- Immunoglobulin receptor with a single antigen specificity - occurs before contact of antigen, during B cell maturation

Answer 97

To respond to a diverse array of potentially harmful antigens long before the body actually encounters them

Answer 98

-found in 3 unlinked clusters -heavy chains are located on chromosome 14 -kappa light chain is found on chromosome 2 -lambda light chain is found on chromosome 22 -within each of clusters, a selection process occurs

Answer 99

Not until it undergoes rearrangement l, assisted by special recombinase enzymes

Answer 100

Cutting and splicing process that removes much of the intervening DNA, resulting in a functional gene that codesfor a specific antibody

Answer 101

The heavy chains

Answer 102

Divided into 3 groups: ① V genes (variable) → 45 genes ② D genes (diversity) → 23 genes ③ J genes (joining) → 6

Answer 103

The germline DNA of a bone marrow stem cell

Answer 104

- in order: C”mu”, C”delta”, C”gamma"3, C"gamana"1, C”alpha”1, C”gamma"2, C”gamma"4, C”epsilon” and C"alpha"2 -includes one gene for each heavy chain isotype

Answer 105

-a random choice is made from each of the sections so as to include one V gene, one D gene, one J gene, and one constant region

Answer 106

① in pro-B cells, one D gene and one J gene are randomly chosenand are joined by means of a recombines enzyme after the intervening DNA is deleted ②in pre-B cell stage, a V gene is joined to the DJ complex, resulting in a rearranged VDJ gene

Answer 107

-Codes for the entire variable region of a heavy chain.

Answer 108

The genes on the second chromosome are not rearranged because the rearrangement of DNA on one chromosome 14 was successful the first time

Answer 109

-Rearrangement of the second set of genes on the other chromosome 14 occurs. -this mechanism maintains clonal specificity by ensuring each B cell only expresses a single antigen receptor

Answer 110

-the variable and constant regions are joined - occurs at the RNA level, thus conserving the DNA of the constant regions

Answer 111

A constant region is spliced to the VDJ complex

Answer 112

Closest to the J region

Answer 113

Mu heavy chains

Answer 114

-C"delta" region, which is closest to C”mu" region - often transcribed along with C"mu"

Answer 115

Allows for mRNA for IgD and IgM to be transcribed at the same time.

Answer 116

After mu chains appear

Answer 117

Mu- chain synthesis (in heavy chain)

Answer 118

Light chains lack a D region

Answer 119

Chromosome 2

Answer 120

Chromosome 2

Answer 121

Lambda chain

Answer 122

Approximately: -35 V(k) segments -5 J(k) segments -one functional C(k) region

Answer 123

-Accomplished by cutting out one intervening DNA -results in the V(k) and J(k) segments becoming permanently joined to one another on the rearranged chromosome

Answer 124

- begins at one end of the V(k) segment and proceeds through the J(k) and C(k) segments

Answer 125

Removed by RNA splicing, which occurs during translation

Answer 126

Keeps the other chromosomesfrom rearranging and shuts down any recombination of the lambda chain locus on chromosome 22

Answer 127

Only it a nonfunctioning gene product arises from kappa rearrangement

Answer 128

Approximately: -30 V(lambda) segments -4 J(lambda) segments -4 C(lambda) segments

Answer 129

Cell dies by apoptosis

Answer 130

-A complete IgM antibody -first appears in immature B cells

Answer 131

The B cell is fully mature and capable of responding to antigen

Answer 132

Recombinaseenzymes, RAG-1 and RAG-2

Answer 133

-recognize specific recombination signal sequences in the DNA that flank all immunoglobulin gene segments

Answer 134

- V, D, and J segments doesn't always occurat a fixed position, so each sequence can vary by small number of nucleotides -major contributor to diversity in the variable-region genes

Answer 135

① Functional diversity ② different heavy chains can combine to different light chains ③ somatic hypermutation

Answer 136

-can occur after the B cell has had contact with antigen -during Tcell-dependent antibody response, Cytokines are produced that stimulate the B cellsto divide so that the response to the antigen is enhanced

Answer 137

-mutationin some of these B cells result in immunoglobulin receptors that can bind the antigen more strongly, and these B cells become the dominant clones as the immune response evolves

Answer 138

As the immune response progresses, B cells may become capable of producing antibody of another class

Answer 139

-a portion of the constant region DNA is deleted and the remaining C(h) genes are placed adjacent to the variable region genes - allows the same VDJ region to be coupled with a different C region to produce antibody of a different class but having identical specificity for antigen

Answer 140

Contact with T cells and cytokines

Answer 141

Production of polyclonal antibodies because ever purified antigen has multiple epitopes that stimulate a variety of B cells

Answer 142

- Derived from single antibody-producing cell that has reproduced many times to form a clone -all the cells in the clone are identical and the antibody produced is exactly the same -directed against a specific epitope on an antigen

Answer 143

-Fusion of activated B cell and myeloma cell -myeloma cell chosen lacks essential enzymes and cannot produce own antibodies

Answer 144

By immunizing a mouse with the desired antigen

Answer 145

① immunize a mouse with a specific antigen ②harvest spleen cells from mouse spleen ③ combine spleen cells with myeloma cells in the presence of PEG ④select fused cells and screen for presence ot desired antibody ⑤ grow positive cells in larger quantities

Answer 146

Antibody reagent could only be produced my immunizing animals such as horses or goats with the desired antigen and isolating polyclonal antibodies from the animal serum

Answer 147

- They provide decreased lot-to-lot variation - increased specificity toward a single epitope, rather than multiple epitopes of an antigen

Answer 148

Monoclonal antibodies

Answer 149

- They are highly immunogenic for humans, inducing the development of human-anti-mouse antibodies (HAMAs) that can cause severe hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 150

- Localized between the CH2 domains at the two H chains - increases the solubility of immunoglobulin - provides protection against degradation -enhances functional activity of the Fc domains

Answer 151

Constant region of heavy chains

Answer 152

In the constant regions of the IgG subclasses, one IgA subclass, and the light chain

Answer 153

Amino terminal regions of heavy and light chains

Answer 154

Hypervariable regions that contain CDRs

Answer 155

① enhances inflammatory response ②uses a positive feedback cycle to promote phagocytosis ③ enlists more defensive elements

Answer 156

①antibodies bound to cells change shape and expose complement binding sites ②this triggers complement fixation and cell lysis

Answer 157

Antibodies bind to and block specific sites on viruses or exotoxins, thus preventing these antigens from binding to receptors on tissue cells

Answer 158

- makes antigen- antibody complexes that are cross-linked, causing clumping

Answer 159

- Soluble molecules are cross-linked into large insoluble complexes

Answer 160

-neutralization -agglutination - precipitation - complement

Answer 161

Complement

Answer 162

-Chemical messengers that regulate immunity -small proteins that bind to and activate receptors located on target cells.

Answer 163

-important in determining whether cytokine action will be effective or inappropriate - massive overproduction and dysregulation of cytokines can lead to hypercytokinemia - results in hypotension, fever,edema, multi- organ failure, or death

Answer 164

Single cytokine with many different actions

Answer 165

-Occurs when different cytokines activate some of the same pathway and genes - can be explained by the fact many cytokines share receptor subunits

Answer 166

According to the distance traveled between the producing cell and its target cells

Answer 167

Cytokines that bind to receptors on the same cell from which they were secreted

Answer 168

Cytokines that act on cells within tissue region surrounding their cellular source

Answer 169

Some cytokines diffuse into the bloodstream, allowing them to influence cells far from the cells that produce them.

Answer 170

Interactions that complement and enhance each other

Answer 171

If one cytokine counteracts the action of another

Answer 172

Many cytokines induce the production of additional cytokines by target cells

Answer 173

- Also referred to as cytokine storm - massive overproduction and dysregulation of cytokines can result in hyperstimulation of the immune response

Answer 174

-TNF-alpha -IL-1 -IL-6 -IFN-gamma

Answer 175

-TGF-beta -IL-10 -IL-13 -IL-35

Answer 176

IL-1 IL-6 TNF-alpha

Answer 177

mediate a handful of paracrine effects: ① increased capillary permeability ② increased platelet aggregation ② alterations of adhesion molecule expression on capillary endothelial cells

Answer 178

-Allows soluble anti-microbial proteins to enter the tissues from blood plasma -anti-microbial proteins → complement,and C-reactive protein

Answer 179

Helps to seal off local blood vessels presenting dissemination of the infection into the blood

Answer 180

Enhances entry of leukocytes from the blood into inflamed tissue

Answer 181

Causes systemic endocrine effects: ① an increase in body temperatures, which may make the body less hospitable to invading microbes ②an increase in the production of immune cells by the bone marrow and acute phase reactants by the liver ③ subject to feeling ill

Answer 182

Recruiting effector cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes, into inflamed tissues.

Answer 183

IL-1alpha IL-1beta IL-1RA

Answer 184

Dendritic cells Macrophages Monocytes

Answer 185

-In innate phagocytic cells -epithelial cells of skin, lungs, and GI tract

Answer 186

-Microbial components - such as lipoteichoic acid, bacterial or viral nucleic acids, and other cytokines

Answer 187

- retained within the cell cytoplasm - only released after cell death - presence of IL-1alpha helps to attract inflammatory cells to areas where cells and tissues are being damaged or killed

Answer 188

Macrophages Monocytes

Answer 189

- mediates most paracrine (local) and hormonal (systemic) activity - before secretion, IL-1beta must be cleaved intracellularly to an active form

Answer 190

Recruiting immune cells into inflamed tissues

Answer 191

-Alter adhesion molecule expression and stimulates the production of chemokines -changes cause immune cells (granulocytes and monocytes)to stop moving through the blood and begin diapedsis

Answer 192

Its ability to induce fever

Answer 193

① inhibit growth of many bacteria and fungi ② 'increase the microbicidial activities of macrophages and neutrophils ③ contribute to feeling of discomfort and fatigue, compelling individuals to rest

Answer 194

① activation of phagocytes ② induce fever ③ production of acute-phase reactant

Answer 195

It antagonizes or works against IL-1 cytokines

Answer 196

By binding to only one of the two transmembrane proteins that compose the IL-1 receptor

Answer 197

Two receptor subunits are brought together, initiating an intracellular signaling cascade that alerts the target cell to presence of IL-1

Answer 198

Macrophages Lymphocytes

Answer 199

Essential for signaling between T and B cells

Answer 200

Microbial substances such as LPS

Answer 201

A component of the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria

Answer 202

-TNFR1 →expressed on many tissues , and cells throughout body -TNFR2→ expression limited to cells of Hematopoïetic origin and endothelial cells

Answer 203

-soluble - produced by lymphocytes→ special class called lymphoid tissue inducer cells - causes cell death (cytotoxicity) -plays role in development of lymphoid tissues in the GI tract

Answer 204

-type I IFNs - several hematopoietic growth factors

Answer 205

Homodimer (active form of cytokines)

Answer 206

Macrophages Monocytes Others: Endothelial cells Fibroblasts lymphocytes Skeletal muscle cells

Answer 207

Pleiotropic

Answer 208

-stimulates the production of acute-phase proteins by liver hepatocytes - This increases the production and release of granulocytes by the bone marrow

Answer 209

-increases activation of B and T cells -modulates immunoglobulin synthesis by causing B cells to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells

Answer 210

IL-6R gp130

Answer 211

- prompts conformational change in the gp130 - allows its cytoplasmic domains to initiate intracellular signaling cascades, driving the expression of IL-6 mediated genes that code for products such as C-reactive protein, complement proteins, and fibrinogen

Answer 212

Subgroup of cytokines that influence the motility and migration of their target cells

Answer 213

Into four families based on the sequence of amino acids found in their N- terminal,specifically the positioning of cysteine residues

Answer 214

① CXC ② CC ③ C ④ CX3C

Answer 215

-contain single amino acid (X)between the first and second cysteines

Answer 216

-the cysteines are found together, with no intervening amino acid

Answer 217

Has only a single cysteine

Answer 218

Have 3 amino acids between the cysteines

Answer 219

Recruitment of leukocytes from the blood into infected or damaged tissues

Answer 220

By modulating the adhesion between leukocytes to roll along capillary walls and to subsequently exit the blood vessel and enter into the tissues

Answer 221

Soluble substances produced by virally infected cells that interfere with the ability or viruses to replicate by making host cells less hospitable to viral takeover

Answer 222

Type I Type II Type III

Answer 223

IFN-alpha IFN-beta (Both type I)

Answer 224

Dendritic cells Macrophages

Answer 225

Wide variety of infected cells

Answer 226

① interfere with viral replication ② activate NK cells ③ enhances expression of class I MHC proteins on target cells

Answer 227

Cause NK cells to become activated, traffic to virally infected area and rapidly expandin number

Answer 228

Combination of IFN-alpha and IFN-beta and NK cell killing

Answer 229

T cells, especially T helper cells (CD4+)

Answer 230

Th1 Th2 Th17 Treg cells

Answer 231

Th cells undertake a process during which they are transformed into one of the four subclasses

Answer 232

Cytokines found in the lymph node during T-cell activation and early differentiation

Answer 233

Dendritic cell production of cytokine IL-12

Answer 234

Th17 cells

Answer 235

Treg cells

Answer 236

-high level expression of the proliferative cytokine IL-2 and IFN- gamma, a type II IFN

Answer 237

① Expand to combat infection with viruses and intracellular bacteria ②promote cell-mediated immunity with cytotoxic T cells, and activate macrophages ③ 'cause antigen-activated B cells to produce IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies capable of opsonization and fixing complement

Answer 238

T-cell growth factor

Answer 239

①drives proliferation and differentiation of both T and B cells ② enhances the lytic activity of NK cells ③ causes naive Th to differentiate into Th1 cells

Answer 240

Differentiate into Th1 cells

Answer 241

3 protein subunits: ① alpha ② beta ③ gamma

Answer 242

① influences expression of more than 200 target-cell genes ② stimulates antigen presentation by class I and class II MHC ③ potent activator of macrophages ④ involved in regulation and activation of CD4+ Th1 cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and NK cells

Answer 243

IL-4 IL-10

Answer 244

- Lymphocytes - nonhematopoietic cells

Answer 245

-turns on genes that generate Th2 cells and turns off genes that promote Th1 cells

Answer 246

- Allergies -autoimmune disease -parasites

Answer 247

-MHC I -IL-4 -IL-5 -IL-13 -CD80 -CD86 -IgG2a -IgE

Answer 248

Drives differentiation and activation of eosinophils in both allergic immune response and responses to parasitic infection

Answer 249

-induce worm expulsion -favor IgE class switching

Answer 250

IL-13 plays anti-inflammatory role by inhibiting activation and cytokine secretion by monocytes

Answer 251

- Macrophages - monocytes - CD8+ cells T cells - CD4+ Th2 cells

Answer 252

Inhibitory

Answer 253

① has anti-inflammatory and suppressive ' effects on Th1 calls ② inhibits antigen presentation by macrophages and dendritic cells ③ down regulates immune response by counteracting IFN-gamma

Answer 254

Expression of CD4, CD25, and FoxP3

Answer 255

Either during thymic development or differentiate from naive T cells in the periphery

Answer 256

Induced Tregs

Answer 257

For establishing peripheral tolerance to a wide variety of self-antigens ant harmless antigens

Answer 258

① establish peripheral tolerance to self-antigens and harmless antigens ② produce suppressive cytolanes: TGF-beta and IL-10 ③down regulate immune response to prevent chronic inflammation (main) ④may preventtumor cells from attack by inhibiting cancer-fight cells

Answer 259

① The production of suppressive cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGF-beta ② disruption of T-cell metabolism ③ direct cytotoxic killing of T cells and APCs ④ modulation of signaling between APC and T cells

Answer 260

IL-17 family of cytokines

Answer 261

TGF-beta IL-6

Answer 262

Dendritic cells Macrophages

Answer 263

① host defense against bacterial and fungal infections at mucosal surfaces. ② secretion of IL-17 ③promote recruitment of neutrophils ④ promote release of antimicrobial peptides ⑤ when dysregulated, may promote pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases

Answer 264

TNF-alpha IL-1beta IL-6 In epithelial cells, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages

Answer 265

-IL-17A and IL-17F

Answer 266

For the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of inflammation

Answer 267

IL-12 and IL-23

Answer 268

CSFs→ ' -IL-3 - erythropoietin (EPO) -granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) -macrophage colony stimulator factor (M-CSF) And granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)

Answer 269

To begin differentiation cycle

Answer 270

The cells become macrophages

Answer 271

Increases phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and additional cytokine production in monocytes and macrophages

Answer 272

Cells become neutrophils

Answer 273

① Enhances function of mature neutrophils ② Affects the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of all cell types in neutrophil lineage ③ decreases IFN-gamma production ④ increases production IL-4 in T cells ⑤ mobilizes multipotent stem cells from the bone marrow

Answer 274

Acts to drive differentiation toward other WBC types

Answer 275

- Regulate RBC production in the bone marrow

Answer 276

The kidneys

Answer 277

- Administered to improve RBC counts for individual with anemia and those with cancer

Answer 278

Improves oxygenation of the tissues and eventually switches off EPO production

Answer 279

Aims to break vicious cycle of chronic inflammation by targeting the interactions between specific cytokines and their cognate receptors

Answer 280

Mostly murine monoclonal antibodies

Answer 281

- Greatly improved using recombinant DNA techniques to generate humanized monoclonal DNA antibodies that are much less immunogenic

Answer 282

- Chimeric antibody containing human constant regions and murine variable regions that bind specifically to human TNF-alpha -treatment for Crohn's disease, RA, ulcerative colitis -blocks TNF-alpha activity rapidly, dramatically reducing inflammation

Answer 283

-IL-17 blocking antibody to prevent IL-17 mediated pathogenesis -another treatment

Answer 284

- Development of a class of hybrid proteins containing cytokine receptorbinding sites attached to immunoglobulin constant regions -Etanercept approved for use in humans

Answer 285

- Consists of extracellular domains of type 2 TNF receptor fused to heavy chain of constant region of IgG1 -fusion protein can bind TNF-alpha and block its activity -cost effective -reduces signs/symptom, disease activity, and disabilities -treatment for RA, any losing spondylitis, psoriasis, pediatric arthritis, and pediatric psoriasis

Answer 286

-block to prevent IL-17 mediated pathogenesis -treatment for plaque psoriasis, psoriasis and any losing spondylitis

Answer 287

① Multiplexed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISAs) ② microbead assays ③ ELISpot assays

Answer 288

- Can detect many pro- and anti- inflammatory cytokines in one reaction - allow for simultaneous detection of several cytokines from serum or plasma in a single test run. - has " spots "

Answer 289

- Allow for the simultaneous detection of multiple cytokines in a single tube -each bead type has own fluorescent wavelength. When combined with fluorescent secondary antibody bound to a specific cytokine, allows for detection stop to 100 different analyses in one tube

Answer 290

-CRP -Th1 -Th2 - proinflammatory cytokines -IFN-gamma -IL-2 -IL-4 -IL-5 -IL-10 -CSFs

Answer 291

-similar to ELISA performed on in vitro - activated peripheral WBC - Allow the detection and enumeration of individual cytokine-secreting cells - performed using cell culture microplates coated with cytokine-specific capture antibodies

Answer 292

The detection of circulation Th1 cells that secrete IFN-gamma in responseto an antigen

Answer 293

① PBMCs are added to the wells of antibody- coated microplate and treat with synthetic protein antigen ② incubation period → Th1 cells secrete cytokines as they rest as the rest at the bottom of the microplate well. ③ PBMCs and any soluble substances (cytokines) are washed from wells ④ detection antibody specific to the target cytokine, is added to wells

Answer 294

To produce a signal indicating where target cytokine is bound to capture antibody

Answer 295

Tiny, elliptical silhouettes of captured IFN- gamma speckling plate bottom

Answer 296

Short half life of certi an cytokines

Answer 297

Made using fluorescent- labeled primer and can be hybridized to either solid or liquid phase arrays

Answer 298

-have up to 40,000 spots containing specific single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) oligonucleotides representing individual genes - fluorescence of a spot indicates that gene was expressed in the celland that cell was producing the cytokine

Answer 299

- use same beads as microbead arrays but have oligonucleotides on surfaces instead of antibodies. Snow up to 100 different complementary DNAs to be identified - combination of bead fluorescence and fluorescence of labeled cDNA produces an emission spectrum that identifies the cytokine gene that was expressed in cell

Answer 300

①disrupting interaction between cytokines and their cognate receptors ②using monoclonal antibodies that function as cytokines agonists ③ hybrid proteins containing cytokine receptor binding sites attacked to Ig constant regions to block cytokine activity ④blocking IL-17 function

Answer 301

Antibody-mediated responses

Answer 302

Dendritic cell production of IL-12

Answer 303

TGF-beta1 TGF-beta2 TGF-beta3

Answer 304

①induces antiproliferative activity in many cell types ② regulates cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and the inflammatory response ③helps down-regulate the inflammatory response when no longer needed ④ inhibits activation of macrophages and the growth of different somatic cell types ⑤functions as an anti-inflammatory factor for mature T calls ⑥ block production of IL-12 and inhibits induction of IFN-gamma ⑦inhibits proliferation of activated B cells

Answer 305

① enhance motility and promote migration of many types of WBC toward source of the chemokines (chemotaxis) ②modulate adhesion of WBCs to endothelial cells lining The blood vessels, facilitating extravasation into the tissues

Answer 306

-LPS is a major trigger of TNF- alpha production - secreted by activated monocytes and macrophages - cause vasodilation and increased vasopermeability -activates T cells by inducing expression of MHC class II molecules, vascular adhesion molecules and chemokines

Answer 307

- Produced by dendritic cells, macrophages, and monocytes - Has an anti-inflammatory effect

Answer 308

① induce inflammation ② recruit effector cellsinto inflamed tissues ③produce synthesis effects including fever, malaise, increased hematopoietic, increased production of acute phase reactants

Answer 309

- IL-1 - chemokines -TNF- alpha -TGF-beta -IL-6 -IFN-alpha -IFN-beta

Answer 310

-Have multiple -widespread distribution of receptors on many cells types - ability to alter expression of numerous genes - may share properties and receptors - may have overlapping effects - can determine whether host will be able to mount an effective defense

Answer 311

① cause lysis of forgein cells ② acts as opsonins ③ increase vascular permeability ④recruit monocytes and neutrophils to the area of antigen concentration ⑤trigger secretion of immunoregulatory molecules that amplify the immune response

Answer 312

A series of more than 50 soluble and cell-bound proteins that interact to enhance host defense mechanisms against foreign cells

Answer 313

Liver (NOT C1 complement or factor D)

Answer 314

Intestinal epithelial cells

Answer 315

Adipose tissue

Answer 316

① classical ② alternative ③ lectin

Answer 317

Lysis of invading cells

Answer 318

-Involves 9 proteins that are trigger primarily by antigen-antibody complexes - major role in natural defense system

Answer 319

IgM, IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3

Answer 320

Two IgG molecules must attach to antigen within 30 to 40 nm of each other OR certain cells substances can bind directly such as: CRP, several viruses, mycoplasmas, some protozoa and certain gram-negative bacteria's

Answer 321

- Formation of C1

Answer 322

-once C1is bound, C4, C2, and C3 are activated

Answer 323

- Comprises of C5 through C9 - completes lysis of foreign particles

Answer 324

- Molecular complex of 740 kDa - consist of 3 subunits: C1q, C1r, and C1s - subunits require calcium to maintain structure

Answer 325

Enzyme activity to begin cascade

Answer 326

Serine protease proenzymes, or zygomens

Answer 327

C1r cleaves a thioester bond on C1s, which in turn, activates it.

Answer 328

-extremely specific because its only known substrate is C1s

Answer 329

- Has limited specificity,with its only substrates being C4 and C2

Answer 330

Recognition stage ends

Answer 331

-begins when C1s cleaves C4

Answer 332

- The production of the enzyme C3 convertase

Answer 333

-Releases a 77_amino acid fragment called C4a -it opens a thioester- containing active site on remaining part, C4b

Answer 334

-will react with water molecules to form iC4b, which is rapidly degraded

Answer 335

-Antigen in clusters that are within a 40-nm radius of C1 - represents first amplification step apin the cascade

Answer 336

-C2 is cleaved by C1s to form the fragments, C2a and C2b

Answer 337

C3 convertase

Answer 338

Not very stable

Answer 339

15 seconds-3 minutes

Answer 340

Cleaved into two fragments, C3a and C3b

Answer 341

1-1.5 mg/ml

Answer 342

Cleavage of C3 to C3b

Answer 343

-Consists of two polypeptide chains, alpha and beta -alpha chain highly reactive thioster group

Answer 344

C3a is removed by cleavage of single bond in alpha chain, exposing the thioster

Answer 345

60 micro seconds is not bound to antigen

Answer 346

About 200 molecules are split for every molecule of C4bC2a

Answer 347

Macrophages, primed to phagocytize antigen that has bound to C3b

Answer 348

-Within 40 nm of the C4bC2a - C4bC2aC36 is created. Also called C5 convertase

Answer 349

- Contains two polypeptide chains, alpha and beta. Which are linked by disulfide bonds to form a molecule

Answer 350

C5a and C5b

Answer 351

- 74 amino acid fragment - released into circulation

Answer 352

-attaches to cell membrane - forms beginning of MAC -extremely liable -rapidly inactivated unless binding to C6 occurs

Answer 353

- The MAC -these proteins do not have enzymatic activity -all present in much smaller amounts than preceding components

Answer 354

- made up of three dissimilar chains, alpha, beta, and gamma, joined by disulfide bonds

Answer 355

- Single polypeptide chain - carboxyl terminal end is hydrophobic -amino terminal end is hydrophilic - presence greatly accelerate lysis

Answer 356

- Serves to anchor the MAC within the target membrane

Answer 357

- MAC produces a pole of 70 to 100A that allows ions pass in and out of the membrane

Answer 358

Occurs through an influx of water and a corresponding loss of electrolytes

Answer 359

SLE, recurrent infections

Answer 360

Binds to Fc region of IgM and IgG, synaptic pruning

Answer 361

Activates C1s

Answer 362

Cleaves C4 and C2

Answer 363

300-600 ug/ml

Answer 364

Part of C3 convertase (C4b)

Answer 365

-binds to C4b → forming C3 convertase

Answer 366

- RA - SLE -infection - usually asymptomatic

Answer 367

-SLE -recurrent infection - arthersclerosis -may be asymptomatic

Answer 368

200-600 kDa

Answer 369

0.0002-10 ug/ml

Answer 370

Binds to mannose

Answer 371

-pneumococcal diseases - sepsis -Neisseria infections -bacterial infection -some autoimmunity - mostly asymptomatic

Answer 372

1.5-12 ug/ml

Answer 373

3MC syndrome

Answer 374

Cleaves C4 and C2

Answer 375

-respiratory infections (pneumococcal diseases) -mostly asymptomatic

Answer 376

Binds to C3bto form C3 contentase

Answer 377

- Neisseria -pneumococcal infections

Answer 378

Cleaves factor B

Answer 379

Bacterial infections

Answer 380

15 -25 ug/ml

Answer 381

Stabilizes C3Bb-C3 convertase

Answer 382

- Neisseria infections - Severe recurrent infection

Answer 383

1200 ug/ml

Answer 384

Key intermediate in all pathways

Answer 385

- Glomerulonephritis - severe recurrent infection; aHUS, C3G, AMD with gain of function

Answer 386

Initiates MAC

Answer 387

-Neisseria infection

Answer 388

Binds to C5b in MAC

Answer 389

Binds to C5bC6 in MAC

Answer 390

Starts pore formation on membrane

Answer 391

Polymerizes to cause cell lysis

Answer 392

No known diseases

Answer 393

Recognition unit ①The zygomens C1r and C1s are converted into active enzymes as binding of C1q occurs ② autoactivation of C1r results from a change that takes place as C1q is bound ③when activated, C1r cleaves a thioster bond on C1s, which activates it. Activation unit ④ C1s cleaves C4 to create C4b and C2 to make C2a ⑤ C3 convertase (C4b2a) is formed ⑥ C3b binds to C4b2a to form C5 convertase (C4b2a3b) MAC ⑦ C5 convertase splits C5 into C5a and C5b ⑧ C5b attaches to the cell membrane to initiate formation of the MAC (C5b6789)

Answer 394

By direct recognition of surface moieties that are found on pathogens

Answer 395

Because it involves nonspecific recognition of carbohydrates that are common continents of microbial cell walls

Answer 396

Defense mechanism during the interval between the loss of maternal antibody and the acquisition of a full-fledged antibody response to pathogens

Answer 397

- Lectin - ficolins - collectins ( CL-L1)

Answer 398

- All similar to C1q structure

Answer 399

-Mannan binding lectin (MBL) -binds to mannose or other related sugars in a calcium-dependent manner to initiate this pathway -considered acute phase protein because produced in liver and normally present in serum

Answer 400

① binds to mannose or relaletal sugar to initiate pathway ② complex associates with MASP-1, MASP-2, and MASP-3. Complex act like C1qrs ③ MASP-2 cleaves C4 and C2 ④ C3 convertase (C4b2a) is formed ⑤ C3b binds to C4b2a to form C5 convertase (C4b2a3b) MAC ⑥ C5 convertase splits C5 into C5a and C5b ⑦ C5b attaches to the cell membrane to initiate formation of the MAC (C5b6789)

Answer 401

① C3 is hydrolyzedby water to produce C3b which binds Factor B, and together they attach to target tell surface ② B is cleaved by Factor D into the fragments Ba and Bb. Bb combines with C35 to form C3bBb, an enzyme with C3 convertase activity ③more C3is cleared, forming more C3bBb. This enzyme is stabilized by properdin and, it continues to cleave additional C3 ④it a molecule of C3 remains attached to the C3bBbP enzyme, the convertase now has the capability to cleave C5. The C5 convertase this consists of C3bBbP3b. ⑤ C5b attaches to the cell membrane to initiate formation of the MAC (C5b6789

Answer 402

Functions largely as an amplification loop for activation started for activation started from the classical or lectin pathways

Answer 403

- bacterial cell walls - some parasites - fungal cell wall -viruses/viral infected cells -tumor cell line - yeasts *these all serve as binding sites complex C3bBb

Answer 404

- C3 - C5-C9 - factor B - factor D - P(properdin)

Answer 405

- Acts as a natural defense system

Answer 406

-Tick-over - results in iC3

Answer 407

- Factor D with magnesium can cleave B into Ba and Bb

Answer 408

-plasma protein that circulates in active enzyme form - serine protease -only substrate is bound to factor B

Answer 409

① Ba goes off into plasma ② Bb binds to the surface of the triggering cellular antigen ③ if it does not bind quickly-it disintegrates

Answer 410

-Extremely unstable unless properdin binds to the complex - properdin increases C3bBb complex half life from seconds to 30 minutes

Answer 411

Aim to halting accumulation of C3b

Answer 412

-Activation of the first stages of the classical and lectin pathway

Answer 413

① Inactivate C1 by binding to the active sites of C1r and C1s ② inactivates MASP-2 binding to MBL-MASP-2

Answer 414

-Liver - monocytes contribute

Answer 415

- Can only inhibit one serine protease

Answer 416

- C4- binding protein (C4BP) - complement receptor type 1 (CR1) - membrane cofactor protein (MCP) -decay-accelerating factor (DAF) -ALL WORK IN CONCERT WITH FACTOR I

Answer 417

- Serine protease that inactivates C3b and C4b when bound to one of these regulators

Answer 418

- Abundant in plasma - capable combining with fluid-phase or cell-bound C4b - blocks C4b from binding to C2 -direct degradation by Factor I

Answer 419

-Large polymorphic glycoprotein found on the cell surface of peripheral blood cells - binds C3b and C4b, greatest affinity for C3b - key receptor on platelets and RBC

Answer 420

- B cells - eosinophils - erythrocytes - follicular dendritic cells - macrophages - monocytes - neutrophils - T cells

Answer 421

The ability of cells to bind complement-coated particles

Answer 422

- Found on the cell membrane of virtually all epithelial and endothelial cells except erythrocytes

Answer 423

MCP, but not as efficient as C4BP

Answer 424

- A membrane glycoprotein that has wide tissue distribution. - found on peripheral blood calls, endothelial calls, fibroblasts, and numerous types of epithelial cells

Answer 425

① capable of dissociating the C3 convertase of classical and lectin pathways ② it can bind to both C3b and C4b in a manner similar to CR1 ③ can rapidly dissociate both from their binding sites, thus preventing the assembly of active C3 convertase

Answer 426

- Covalently attached to a glycophospholipid anchor that is inserted into the outer layer of the membrane lipid bilayer - allows mobility within the membrane so that it can reach C3 convertase sites that are not immediately adjacent to it

Answer 427

Bystander lysis

Answer 428

-main mechanism used in discrimination of self from nonself because foreign cells do not possess this substance

Answer 429

① factor H competes with factor B for binding to spontaneously (hydrolytically) activated C3b ② factor H dissociates any C3bBb complexes that form on self-cell surfaces ③ factor H is a cofactor with factor I (FI), enabling cleavage of C3b.The resulting iC3b loses enzymatic activity but is still an opsonin ④ CR1 is a cofactor with FI, enabling cleavage of iC3b. The resulting C3dg is an opsonin and a cofactor in B cell stimulation

Answer 430

- Acts by binding to C3b to prevent binding of Factor B

Answer 431

- Soluble control protein that acts a at deeper level of complement activation - also known as vitronectin -interacts with C5b-7 complex as it forms in fluid phasebut preventsit from binding to cell membranes - terminal pathway

Answer 432

-also known as CD59 - acts to block for motion of MAC -widely distributed on the cell membranes of all circulating blood cells including RBC, on endothelial, epithelial, and on other types of cells

Answer 433

Dissociates C1s and C1r from C1q

Answer 434

Hereditary angioedema

Answer 435

Cleaves C3b and C4b

Answer 436

Classical Lectin

Answer 437

Classical Lectin

Answer 438

- recurrent pyogenic infections - aHUS or C3G - AMD with gain of function

Answer 439

300-450 kDa

Answer 440

① cofactor with factor I to inactivate C3b ② prevents binding of B to C3b

Answer 441

Alternative

Answer 442

Acts as a factor with factor I to inactivate C4b

Answer 443

Classical Lectin

Answer 444

- Atypical morbus -Behcet's disease -Angioedema - protein S deficit

Answer 445

-prevents attachment of C5b67 complex to cell membranes

Answer 446

Classical Lectin Alternative

Answer 447

- B cells - endothelial cells - epithelial cells - fibroblasts - monocytes - neutrophils - platelet - RBCs

Answer 448

-dissociates C2b or Bb from binding sites, thus preventing formation of C3 convertase

Answer 449

PNH (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinaria) protein-losing enteropathy

Answer 450

- endothelial cells - epithelial cells - monocytes - neutrophils - platelets - RBC

Answer 451

Prevent insertion of C9 into cell membrane

Answer 452

- B cells - endothelial cells - macrophages - monocytes - neutrophils - platelets - T cells

Answer 453

Cofactor for factor I cleavage of C3b and C4b

Answer 454

C3b iC3b C4b

Answer 455

Cofactor for factor I; mediates transport of immune complexes

Answer 456

C3dg C3d iC3b

Answer 457

-B cell co-receptor for antigen with CD19

Answer 458

- B cells - epithelial cells -follicular dendritic cells

Answer 459

CD11b OR CD18

Answer 460

iC3b C3d C3b

Answer 461

- macrophages - monocytes - neutrophils - NK cells

Answer 462

Adhesion and increased activity of phagocytic cells

Answer 463

CD11c CD18

Answer 464

- Activated B and T cells - dendritic cells - macrophages - monocytes - neutrophil - NK cells

Answer 465

Adhesion and increased activity of phagocytic cells

Answer 466

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Answer 467

- Amplifies inflammatory response - role in uptake and presentation of antigens in adaptive immune response - facilitates B cell activation - role in neural development

Answer 468

① anaphylatoxins (C5a, C3a) →increases vascular permeability ② chemotâxins (C5a) → attract phagocytic cells to enhance phagocytosis ③ opsonins (C3b, C4b, iC3b, C3dg)→ coat damaged or foreign cells to enhance phagocytosis

Answer 469

① it is activated systemically on a large scale, as in gram-negative septicemia ②it is activated by tissue necrosis and results in obstruction of the blood supply, as in myocardial infarction ③ lysis of RBCs occurs as in cold agglutinin disease or autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Answer 470

-rare kidney disorder that result in acute renal failure in children -caused by mutations in genes coding for Factor H, MCP, Factor I, Factor B, C3 or thrombomodulin; or to autoantibodies against Factor H

Answer 471

Inflammation of the renal glomeruli that maybe due to autoantibodies that cause C’ dysregulation (C3 nephrotic factors; C3NeFs)

Answer 472

-measurement of components as antigens in serum -measurement of functional activity of complement pathways

Answer 473

-automated nephelometry or immunoturbidimetry - radial immunodiffusion (RID)

Answer 474

① hemolytic titration (CH50) assay ② CH50 test for lysis of liposomes ③ ELISA to detect C9 epitopes exposed after binding In MAC

Answer 475

①AH50 ② ELISA to detect C3bBbP or C3bP

Answer 476

① Serum to be tested is diluted serially and added to sensitized sheep RBC. ②tubes are incubated at 37°C ③ centrifuged to pellet the unlysed cells

Answer 477

As the reciprocal of the dilution that causes lysis of 50% of the cells used in the assay

Answer 478

- Destroy any complement present in patient serum by heating serum to 56°C for 30 minutes -dilutions of serum are combined with known antigen and a measurement amount of Guinea pig complement -if patient antibody is present it will bind with the reagent antigen and complement be bound

Answer 479

① add sheep RBCs that are coated with a hemolysin (will lyse if any complement is present) ② incubate and centrifuge tubes ③ read for hemolysis ④ it hemolysis is present→ No patient antibody→ test is negative. If hemolysis is absent→ patient antibody to complement→ test is positive

Answer 480

① results are expressed as highest dilution showing no hemolysis ② controls must be used ③ more sensitive than agglutination and precipitation, less sensitive than labeled immunoassay ④ errors

Answer 481

① amount of manual manipulations required makes it easy to make technical errors ② lack of standardization ③numerous controls discourage use in clinical laboratories

Answer 482

Classical → low

Answer 483

Classical → low Lectin → low

Answer 484

Lectin→ low

Answer 485

Alternative →low

Answer 486

All three→ low

Answer 487

Classical → low Lectin → low

Answer 488

All three → low

Answer 489

①target key points in the complement pathways to treat disease ② recombinant C1-INH is used to treat HAE ③ monoclonal antibodY to C5 (eculizumab) is used to block formation of C5a and the MAC

Answer 490

-aHUS and PNH

Answer 491

- Soluble C5b-9 levels - CH50 - AH50

Answer 492

- Cause inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys - hematuria - proteinuria - hypertension - gradual decline of kidney function

Answer 493

- Hemolytic anemia - low platelet count - acute renal failure

Answer 494

- Exposure to a Shiga toxin from acute diarherral illness

Answer 495

- Automated nephlometry or immunoturbidimetry.

Answer 496

Measures the concentration of an individual complement protein according to the amount of light scattered by the antigen-antibody mixture

Answer 497

Based on reduction in light transmission resulting from immune complex formation

Answer 498

- Magnesium chloride is added to buffer -ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid added to buffer - calcium left out

Answer 499

- Buffer chelates calcium, blocking classical pathway activation -rabbit RBC are used as the indicator

Answer 500

- Can detect C3bBb or C3bP complexes in very small quantities -micrometer wells typically coated with bacterial lipopolyssachardes to trigger activation of the alternative pathways

Answer 501

- ELISA or multiplex versions of immunoassays

Answer 502

①more sensitive to any complement activation ② measuring anaphylatoxin levels directly can be informative about the degree of inflammation that is being driven by complement ③ by measuring individual fragments,it is possible to determine which pathways are activated and where any control is achieved in the cascade of complement activation

Answer 503

-if activated, the cells become macrophages -increase phagocytosis, chomotaxis and additional production in monocytes and macrophages

Answer 504

Affecting same cell that secreted it

Answer 505

Stimulates formation of colonies of calls in the bone marrow

Answer 506

Cell adhesion molecules on leukocytes

Answer 507

CSF that regulates RBC production in bone marrow

Answer 508

-If activated, the cells become neutrophils, -enhances function of mature neutrophils and affects survival, proliferation, and differentiation of all cell types in the neutrophil lineage

Answer 509

Systemic affects

Answer 510

-CD4+ T cells that are induced from antigen activated naïve T cells in presence of IL-10

Answer 511

-cytokines produced by T cells and other cell lines that stimulates an increased supply of granuloytic cells and macrophages

Answer 512

IgE has one more constant region

Answer 513

The increase production of certain types of leukocytes

Answer 514

ELISA assay

Unit 2 Flashcards

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