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Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Main uses of esters

A

Perfumes

Solvents

Flavourings

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2
Q

Perfumes

Solvents

Flavourings

A

Main uses of esters

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3
Q

Appearance of esters

A

Colourless liquid

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4
Q

Smell of esters

A

Sweet/fruity or nail varnish

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5
Q

Sweet/fruity or nail varnish

A

Smell of esters

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6
Q

Solubility of esters in water

A

Insoluable

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7
Q

Why are esters able to dissolve many compounds that arent soluable in water

A

Esters are not very polar, water is polar

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8
Q

Esters as solvents

A

Volatile
Low bps

Useful when rapid evaporation of solvents is required

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9
Q

Volatile
Low bps

Useful when rapid evaporation of solvents is required

A

Esters as solvents

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10
Q

Ester used as the solvent in nail varnish

A

Ethyl Ethanoate

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11
Q

Ethyl ethanoate

A

Ester used as the solvent in nail varnish

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12
Q

When is an ester formed

A

Esterfication.
When an alcohol and carboxylic acid react

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13
Q

What forms by esterfication
When an alcohol and carboxylic acid react

A

An ester

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14
Q

Alcohol + carboxylic acid —>

A

Alcohol + carboxylic acid —> ester + water

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15
Q

—> ester + water

A

Alcohol + caboxylic acid

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16
Q

Where does the first part of an esters name come from

A

The alcohol

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17
Q

What part of an esters name comes from the alcohol

A

The first part

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18
Q

What part of an esters name comes from the carboxylic acid

A

Second part

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19
Q

Where does the second part of an esters mare come from

A

The carboxylic acid

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20
Q
  • Anol
A

-yl

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21
Q

-yl

A
  • Anol
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22
Q

-Ic acid

A
  • Ate
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23
Q
  • Ate
A
  • Ic acid
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24
Q

Alcohol functional group

A
  • OH
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25
Hydroxyl functional group
- OH
26
What molecules have a hydroxyl group
Alcohols
27
Carboxylic acid functional group
Carboxyl functional group, COOH
28
What molecules have carboxyl functional group, COOH
Carboxylic acids
29
Carboxyl functional group
COOH
30
The formation of an ester is a _______ reaction
Reversible
31
Esterfication is a ________ reaction
Condensation
32
What is produced in the formation of an ester
Water
33
How can we tell esterfication is a condensation reaction
Water produced
34
Ester link
COO or OOC
35
COO or OOC
Ester link
36
To make an ester, what must be removed from the hydroxyl group of the alcohol
A hydrogen atom
37
To make an ester, what must a hydrogen atom be removed from
The hydroxyl group of the alcohol
38
What combine to make water in the formation of en ester
The hydrogen atom and -OH of the acid
39
Condensation reaction
Two molecules join and produce a larger molecule while eliminating a smaller one
40
Two molecules join and produce a larger molecule while eliminating a smaller one
Condensation reaction
41
Hydrolysis
A reaction in which a molecule is split up by the chemical action of water
42
A reaction in which a molecule is split up by the chemical action of water
Hydrolysis
43
what happens when an ester is hydrolysised
An alcohol and a carboxylique acid are formed
44
What happens to produce an alcohol and a carboxylique acid are formed
Hydrolysis
45
Opposite of condensation reaction
Hydrolysis
46
Hydrolysis
A water molecule is added and breaks up the structure
47
What type of reaction is condensation
Forward
48
What type of reaction is hydrolysis
Reverse
49
Fats and oils are used _________________ to provide us with _______
Fats and oils are used in our diets to provide us with energy
50
_______ are used in our diets to provide us with energy
Fats and oils
51
Heating fats results in
Oils
52
Cooling oils results in
Fats
53
Fats are examples of _____
Esters
54
Solubility of fats and oils
insoluable in water
55
3 sources of fats and oils
Animal fat Vegetable oil Marine oil
56
Examples of animal fat
Dripping, lard, tallow
57
Dripping, lard, tallow
Examples of animal fat
58
Olives, seeds such as peanut, corn
Examples of sources of vegetable oil
59
Examples of sources of marine oil
Cod liver, mackerel, sardine, herring
60
Cod liver, mackerel, sardine, herring
Examples of sources of marine oil
61
Examples of sources of vegetable oil
Olives, seeds such as peanut, corn
62
All fats and oils are naturally occurring what
Esters
63
When are fats and oils formed
Condensation reactions between the alcohol glycerol and fatty acids
64
Systematic name for glycerol
Propane- 1, 2, 3- Tirol
65
Propane- 1, 2, 3- Tirol
Glycerol
66
State of oils at room temp
Liquid
67
State of fats at room temp
Solid
68
Oils contain more ____________ than fats
Oils contain more C=C bonds than fats
69
____ contain more C=C bonds than _____
Oils contain more C=C bonds than fats
70
Saturation
Presence of C=C bonds
71
Presence of C=C bonds
Saturation
72
What does saturation explain in fats and oils
The difference in MPs
73
More C=C bonds v
More C=C bonds v More unsaturated
74
More unsaturated v
More C=C bonds v Lower melting points
75
What do C=C bonds do to long fatty acid chains and molecules shape
Distort the long fatty acid chains Molecule cannot pack closely together
76
What distorts the long fatty acid chains Molecule cannot pack closely together
C=C bonds
77
What means that fat molecules can pack closely together
Less distortions as lack of C=C bonds
78
Result of less distortions as lack of C=C bonds
Increased BPs
79
Results of saturation on fat molecules
Pack closely together
80
Why do fats have increased BPs
They can pack closely together
81
Comparison of LDFs in fats and oils
The poorer packing in oils makes LDFs between the oil molecules weaker than fat molecules
82
How to increase the MP of an oil
Addition reaction between the double bond and hydrogen can take place
83
What does an addition reaction between the double bond and hydrogen can take place mean for the oil
Reduces unsaturation and causes hardening
84
Testing for unsaturatation
Bromine solution will quickly discolour when it reacts work unsaturated compounds
85
What will quickly discolour when it reacts work unsaturated compounds
Bromine solution
86
Fats and oils are esters, formed from a condensation reactions between the alcohol _______and different long chain _______ _______ (______ _____)
Fats and oils are esters, formed from a condensation reactions between the alcohol glycerol and different long chain carboxylic acids (fatty acids)
87
______________ are esters, formed from a condensation reactions between the alcohol glycerol and different long chain carboxylic acids (fatty acids)
Fats and oils are esters, formed from a condensation reactions between the alcohol glycerol and different long chain carboxylic acids (fatty acids)
88
Parent alcohol for au fats foils
Glycerol, propone-1,2,3 - triol
89
How many hydroxyl functional groups does glycerol have
3
90
What does glycerol have 3 of
Hydroxyl functional groups
91
Fatty acids
Long chain carboxylic acids ranging from C4 to C28 Eg stearic acid
92
Long chain carboxylic acids ranging from C4 to C28 Eg stearic acid
Fatty acids
93
The fatty acid molecules can be what
Saturated or unsaturated
94
Fats and ails formed from glycerol are known as what
Triglycerides or triesters
95
Triglycerides or triesters
Fats and oils
96
Each hydroxyl group can combine chemically with ________________
Each hydroxyl group can combine chemically with one carboxylicacid
97
3 carboxylie acids can react with what
A triester or triglyceride
98
How many acids can react with one triester
3
99
Hydrolysis of a fat/oil produces….
- 3 fatty acid molecules - I glycerol molecule
100
What produces…. - 3 fatty acid molecules - I glycerol molecule
Hydrolysis of fat
101
Effect of more carbon double bonds on fatty acids
More bent shape
102
Effect of more unsaturation on fatty acids
More bent shape
103
General formula for saturated carboxylic acids
CnH2n+1COOH
104
CnH2n+1COOH
General formula of saturated carboxylic acids
105
More carbon double bonds means ____ hydrogens
Less
106
Ester link
COO or OOC
107
COO or OOC
Ester link
108
Ester link also known as
Carboxylate
109
In glycerides, the fatty acid groups can be what 3 things
All different Two the same All the same
110
What do all proteins contain
Carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen Some also contain sulfur
111
How do plants obtain C H and O
From carbon dioxide and water
112
How do animals obtain proteins
By eating plants or other animals
113
What happens to proteins we eat
They are converted into desireable proteins
114
What are proteins molecularly
Polymers
115
What are amino acids molecularly
Monomers
116
What do amino acids build
Proteins
117
What make up proteins
Amino acids
118
Amino acids functional groups
Amine group Carboxyl group
119
Amine group
-NH2
120
-NH2
Amine group
121
What parts of the amino acids link to form peptide links
Co of carboxyl group And NH of amine group
122
What type of reaction is protein synthesis
Condensation
123
What things join to form water in protein synthesis
OH of Carboxyl group H of amine group
124
What join together amino acids
Peptide/amide links
125
Peptide/amide link
- CONH
126
- CONH
Peptide/amide link
127
Digestion
What happens to the foods we have eaten that provides the chemical which our bodies require
128
What happens to the foods we have eaten that provides the chemical which our bodies require
Digestion
129
Protein digestion
Hydrolysis of protein molecule in our food to form amino acids
130
What are too large to pass through the walls of your gut
Protein molecules
131
What can't pass through the walls of your gut
Proteins as they are too large
132
What are small enough to pass through the gut wall
Amino acids
133
Essential amino acids
There are 10 amino schools that humans cannot construct They are essential in the diet
134
There are 10 amino schools that humans cannot construct They are essential in the diet
Essential amino acids
135
What controls protein digestion
Enzymes
136
What bond breaks when protein is hydrolysised
C-N
137
What bonds to the C of the peptide link in protein hydrolysis
it becomes COOH
138
What bonds to the N of the peptide link in protein hydrolysis
Two Hs
139
Fibrous
Long fibre like structures
140
What bonds in the peptide link are polar
C = O N -H
141
What does hydrogen bonding occur between in proteins
N-H of one peptide link and the O of the C=O in another peptide link
142
In proteins, What structure forms when H bonding occurs between amino groups in one chain and carbonyl group in another
Sheet structure
143
In proteins, what structure forms when H bonding occurs in the same chain
Helix structure
144
Carbonyl group
C=O
145
C=O
Carbonyl group
146
What are fibrous proteins
Tough and insoluable
147
What are globular proteins involved in
The regulation of life processes
148
Globular protein structure
Spiral chains folded into spherical shapes and soluable
149
Alkanols
Alkanes with a hydroxyl group
150
Alkanes with a hydroxyl group
Alkanols
151
Alkane general formula
CnH2n+2
152
CnH2n+2
Alkane general formula
153
Alkanol general formula
CanH2n+1OH
154
CanH2n+1OH
Alkanol general formula
155
First member of alcohol family to have isomers
Propanol
156
Isomer
Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
157
Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
Isomer
158
Primary alcohol
Only one carbon attached to the hydroxyl carbon
159
Only one carbon attached to the hydroxyl carbon
Primary alcohol
160
Secondary alcohol
Two carbons attached to the hydroxyl carbon
161
Two carbons attached to the hydroxyl carbon
Secondary alcohol
162
Tertiary alcohol
Three carbon as attached to the hydroxyl carbon
163
Position of hydroxyl in primary alcohol
Always at the end of a chain
164
What alcohols always have the hydroxyl at the end of a chain
Primary
165
Position of hydroxyl in secondary alcohol
Always at a non branching position on the chain
166
What alcohol have the hydroxyl always at a non branching position
Secondary
167
Position of hydroxyl in tertiary alcohol
Always at the branching position in the chain
168
What alcohols always have the hydroxyl at a branching position
Tertiary
169
Example of secondary alcohols
Cyclealkanols
170
Dihydric alcohol/ diol
Alcohol with 2 hydroxyl groups
171
Alcohol with 2 hydroxyl groups
Dihydric alcohol/ diol
172
Trihydric alcohol/triol
Alcohol with 3 hydroxyl groups
173
Alcohol with 3 hydroxyl groups
Trihydric alcohol/triol
174
Numbers are separated with
Commas
175
What does mild oxidation using warm acidified potassium dichromate solution work for
Primary and secondary alcohols
176
What can be oxidised using warm acidified potassium dichromate
Primary and secondary alcohols
177
How to oxidise primary and secondary alcohols
Warm acidified potassium dichromate
178
What does mild oxidation using warm acidified potassium dichromate solution not work for
Tertiary alcohols
179
What does mild oxidation using warm acidified potassium dichromate solution not work for
Tertiary alcohols
180
Colour change for primary alcohols in warm acidified potassium dichromate solution
Orange -> blue/green
181
Colour change for secondary alcohols in warm acidified potassium dichromate solution
Orange→ blue/green
182
Colour change for tertiary alcohols in warm acidified potassium dichromate solution
No change
183
How many stages do primary alcohols undergo s mild oxidation in
2
184
Stage l of primary alcohols oxidation
Loss of h by oxidising agent
185
Loss of h by oxidising agent
Stage l of primary alcohols oxidation
186
Stage 2 of primary alcohols oxidation
Gain of oxygen
187
What stage of mild oxidation of primary alcohols has gain of oxygen
Stage 2
188
What can oxidation came about by
Loss of H or gain of O
189
Primary alcohol after stage 1 of mild oxidation
Aldehyde
190
Primary alcohol after stage 2 of mild oxidation
Carboxylic acid
191
Primary alcohol → ----- → carboxylic acid
Aldehyde
192
Primary alcohol → aldehyde → ------
carboxylic acid
193
→ aldehyde → carboxylic acid
Primary alcohol
194
How many stages of oxidation do secondary alcohols have
1
195
What do all the oxidation products from primary + secondary alcohols have
Carbonyl group C = O
196
Why can't secondary alcohols have a secondary oxidation
There is no H attached to the c= o
197
Why can't tertiary alcohols be oxidised
No H atoms attached to the hydroxyl carbon
198
Aldehyde aka
Alkanal
199
Carboxylic acid aka
Alkanoic acid
200
Ketones aka
Alkanones
201
Secondary alcohols →- -- -
Ketones
202
Functional group of aldehydes
C=0 carbonyl
203
Functional group of ketones
Carbonyl c= o
204
Where is the carbonyl in an aldehyde
End position of longest chain, C1
205
Naming aldehydes
Corresponding alkane name but ending in ‘al’
206
Where is carbonyl in ketone
Not carbon 1
207
Naming ketones
Corresponding alkane but ending in one
208
What do aldehydes and ketones both contain
Carbonyl group
209
Bonding in carbonyl compounds
Polar Pdp pdp between molecules
210
The bps of aldehydes and ketones will be ___than their corresponding alcohol
Lower
211
Volatility
The ease that a substance can evaporate
212
The ease that a substance can evaporate
Volatility
213
Mild oxidising agents
Acidified dichromate solution Fehlings solution Tollens solution
214
Alkanoic acids general formula
CnH2n+1COOH
215
CnH2n+1COOH
Alkanoic acids
216
When is food oxidised
When exposed to oxygen
217
Foods at greatest risk of oxidation
Fats and ails
218
What are antioxidants commonly used in
Vegetable oil Animal fat Mayonnaise
219
What does oxidation cause
Increase in O:H ratio
220
What increases O:H ratio
Oxidation
221
What increases when a primary alcohol is oxidised into a carboxylic acid
O:H ratio
222
Why do foods spoil
Became compounds in the food reach with oxygen Undergo oxidation reactions
223
What do aldehydes provide in food
flavour and aroma
224
Result of oxidation of aldehydes
Carboxylic acids produced Completely alter the flavour of the food
225
Whats happens to hydrolysis of fat in food
Fatty acids produced Unpleasant smell
226
Results of oxidation of oils in food
Aldehydes and ketones produced Rancid smell
227
Effects of oxidation of food
Deterioration of flavour Loss of colour Loss of nutritional value Health risk
228
What produces aldehydes and ketones That produces rancid smells
Oxidation of oils
229
What produces fatty acids Unpleasant smells
Hydrolysis of fats
230
What produces carboxylic acids Alter taste
Oxidation of aldehydes
231
How to prevent oxidation
Packaged foods in an oxygen free environment Gases like CO2, N2, At are used for crisps Add antioxidants
232
Antioxidant
Molecule that prevents unwanted oxidation by being oxidised easily themselves
233
Molecule that prevents unwanted oxidation by being oxidised easily themselves
Antioxidant
234
Rancicity
Deterioration of flavour
235
Deterioration of flavour
Rancicity
236
Hydrolysis of fats and oils produces…
Glycerol And 3 fatty acids
237
Antioxidants in the body
they prevent harmful oxidation reactions in our bodies.
238
What prevent harmful oxidation reactions in our bodies
Antioxidants
239
What can oxidation produce
Free radicals
240
What can produce free radicals
Oxidation
241
Free radical
highly reactive species containing an unpaired electron
242
highly reactive species containing an unpaired electron
Free radical
243
What can free radicals do to food
Damage by removal of an electron
244
What causes damage to food by removal of an electron
Free radical
245
What do antioxidants do to free radicals
Transfer electron producing a neutralised free radical
246
What transfers an electron producing a neutralised free radical
Antioxidant
247
What happened to antioxidant after donating electron
Becomes a stable free radical Itself is oxidised as it loses an election
248
Flavour
Combination of taste and aroma
249
Combination of taste and aroma
Flavour
250
Taste
Sweet bitter sour salty unani
251
What does aroma come from
Volatile molecules that travel from your mouth to receptors in your nose as you eat
252
What results from volatile molecules that travel from your mouth to receptors in your nose as you eat
Aroma
253
Volatile
Must release gaseous molecules into the atmosphere readily
254
Must release gaseous molecules into the atmosphere readily
Volatile
255
Intermolecular forces and volatility
Weaker intermolecular forces —> more volatile
256
What is a good indication of volatility
BP
257
Why is BP a good indication of volatility
As intermolecular forces are broken when a compound boils
258
BP and volatility
The lower the BP —> the more volatile the compound
259
What is the volatility of a covalent compound related to
The mass of the molecule And The functional group (s) in the structure
260
What do the mass of the molecule And The functional group (s) in the structure related to
The volatility of a covalent compound
261
______ —> weak LDFs —> easier to separate molecules —> more volatile
Lower molecular mass
262
Lower molecular mass —> ________—> easier to separate molecules —> more volatile
Weak LDFs
263
Lower molecular mass —> weak LDFs —> _______ —> more volatile
Easier to separate molecules
264
Lower molecular mass —> weak LDFs —> easier to separate molecules —> ______
More volatile
265
________ —> _______ —> ______ —> more volatile
Lower molecular mass —> weak LDFs —> easier to separate molecules —> more volatile
266
---- → more and stronger LDFs → more difficult to separate molecules → less volatile
Higher molecular mass
267
Higher molecular mass → _______→ more difficult to separate molecules → less volatile
More and stronger LDFs
268
Higher molecular mass → more and stronger LDFs → _________ → less volatile
More difficult to separate molecules
269
Higher molecular mass → more and stronger LDFs → more difficult to separate molecules → _______
Less volatile
270
_______ → ______→ _______ → less volatile
Higher molecular mass → more and stronger LDFs → more difficult to separate molecules → less volatile
271
What does the presence of a functional group mean
Makes part of the molecule polar Usually less volatile than similar compound without the groups
272
What makes part of the molecule polar Usually less volatile than similar compound workout the groups
Presence of functional groups
273
\_________\→ weaker intermolecular forces → easier to separate molecules → more volatile
No functional group
274
No functional group → ________→ easier to separate molecules → more volatile
Walker intermolecular forces
275
No functional group → weaker intermolecular forces → __________ → more volatile
Easier to separate molecules
276
No functional group → weaker intermolecular forces → easier to separate molecules → _______
More volatile
277
No functional group → _______→ _________ → more volatile
No functional group → weaker intermolecular forces → easier to separate molecules → more volatile
278
________ → stronger intermolecular forces (H bonding) → more difficult to separate molecules → less volatile
Functional groups
279
Functional groups → _______ → more difficult to separate molecules → less volatile
Stronger intermolecular bonding (H bonding)
280
Functional groups → stronger intermolecular forces (H bonding) → ______→ less volatile
More difficult to separate molecules
281
Functional groups → stronger intermolecular forces (H bonding) → more difficult to separate molecules → ______
Less volatile
282
Functional groups → ______ → ______ → less volatile
Functional groups → stronger intermolecular forces (H bonding) → more difficult to separate molecules → less volatile
283
Hydrocarbons polarity
Non polar
284
Hydrocarbon solubility
Insoluble in water Soluable in oil
285
How to increase water solubility of molecules
Add more polar groups that can hydrogen bond
286
What can adding more polar groups that can hydrogen bond do
Increasing solubility of molecule in water
287
_______ = polar molecule = soluble in water
Functional groups
288
Functional groups = _____ = soluble in water
Polar molecule
289
Functional groups = polar molecule = _____\
Soluble in water
290
________ = non polar = insoluble in water, soluble in oil
No functional group
291
No functional groups = ___ = insoluble in water, soluble in oil
Non polar
292
No functional groups = non polar = _______
Insoluble in water Soluable in oil
293
If a molecule only has C and H atoms, it will be ____
Non polar
294
What happens when proteins are exposed to high temperatures or extreme pH
Denatured
295
What determines the best cooking method and cooking time
The cut of meat
296
How long to cook cuts high in tough fibrous protein
Long
297
What happens when proteins are cooked
Heat breaks the H bonding that occurs between the protein strands of collagen Causing them to unravel When collagen has softened the meat becomes tender
298
What are proteins made from
Long amino acid chains
299
What can protein structures be
3d structures that form… 1 sheets 2 spirals 3 coils
300
What is produced when the hydrolysis of a fat happens under alkaline conditions
The salt of the carboxylic acids form
301
When does the salt of the carboxylic acids form
When hydrolysis of a fat happens under alkaline conditions
302
What are the salts produced in the hydrolysis of a fat under alkaline conditions called
Soaps
303
What neutralise the fatty acid molecules in some hydrolysis to form soaps
By the alkali
304
In some hydrolysis, what does the alkali neutralise
The fatty acid molecules
305
Saponification
Hydrolysis of a fat/oil undergo alkaline conditions, producing the salt of fatty acids
306
Hydrolysis of a fat/oil undergo alkaline conditions, producing the salt of fatty acids
Sopanification
307
What is the charged carboxylate group attracted to
The water molecules
308
Hydrophobic
Water hating
309
Water hating
Hydrophobic
310
Hydrophilic
Attracted to water
311
Attracted to water
Hydrophilic
312
What are soaps composed of
A hydrophilic head And A hydrophobic tail
313
What is composed of… A hydrophilic head And A hydrophobic tail
Soap
314
Hydrophilic head
Carboxylate Polar Water soluable
315
Carboxylate Polar Water soluable
Hydrophilic head
316
Hydrophobic tail
Covalent hydrocarbon chain Non polar Oil soluable
317
Long chain hydrocarbon Non polar Oil soluable
Hydrophobic tail
318
What do soaps and detergents act as
Emulsifying agents
319
What do emulsifying agents allow for
The oils and water to mix and form an emulsion
320
Emulsion
Mixture of two liquids normally immisible
321
Mixture of two liquids normally immisible
Emulsion
322
What do emulsions consist of
One liquid being dispersed through the other as tiny droplets
323
Detergents
Very similar to soaps in structures and use
324
Very similar to soaps in structures and use
Detergents
325
What are soaps made from
Fats and oils
326
Detergents are made from
Crude oil
327
Hard water
Higher levels of minerals Calcium and magnesium
328
What happens when soap is used in hard water
Scum is formed
329
When is scum formed
When soap is used in hard water
330
Scum
Insoluble precipitates formed, with Ca and Mg
331
Insoluble precipitates formed, with Ca and Mg
Scum
332
What do not form scum with hard water
Soapless detergents
333
What form scum
Carboxylate one in soap And Calcium and magnesium ions in hard water
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Carboxylate one in soap And Calcium and magnesium ions in hard water
Scum
335
Detergents and precipitates
Less prone to forming precipitates than soaps
336
Uses for detergents
Laundry dishwashing
337
How do emulsion happen
Two immiscible liquids added together and shaken vigorously
338
Is an emulsion a mixture
Yes
339
Is an emulsion a solution
No
340
What is added to prevent water and oil layers separating
Emulsifier
341
What are emulsifiers added to examples
Milk Mayonnaise
342
How are some emulsifiers in food made
By reacting edible oils with glycerol
343
Some emulsifiers in food
Glycerol backbone with 1 or 2 fatty acid molecules
344
One fatty acids emulsifiers
Mono - glyceride
345
Mono - glyceride
One fatty acid emulsifiers
346
Two fatty acid emulsifiers
Di-glyceride
347
Di-glyceride
Two fatty acid emulsifiers
348
Hydroxyl group and water
Hydrophilic
349
Fatty acid chain and water
Hydrophobic
350
Three types of oil
Mineral oils Edible oils Essential oils
351
Mineral oils
Derived from crude oil
352
Edible oils
Triglycerides, esters
353
Essential oils
Extracted from plants, concentrated extracts of the volatile aroma compounds
354
Essential oils volatility
Usually volatile
355
Essential oils and water
Insoluble in water
356
What are essential oils composed of
Organic compounds
357
What do essential oils not contain that perfumes do
Artificial substances
358
Essential oils extraction
Can be extracted from any preset of a given plant
359
Essential oils uses
Cleaning Flavourings Cosmetics Perfumes
360
Are essential oils hydrophobic or hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
361
Essential oils smell
Very fragrant Smelling of the plants they came from
362
How to extract essential oils
Steam distillation
363
Terpenes found in
Most common compound in essential oils
364
Terpenes are based on
Isoprene 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene C5H 8
365
Terpenes contain carbon atoms in multiples of…
5
366
What are terpenes build with
Isoprene
367
Terpenes general formula
(C5H8)n N is no of isoprene units
368
Isoprene units can be linked…
1. Head to tail to form liners terpenes 2. Rings to form cyclic terpenes
369
What reactions can simple terpenes take place in
Oxidation reaction
370
What can terpenes be
Alcohols Unsaturated hydrocarbons Ketones Aldehydes
371
What can be Alcohols Unsaturated hydrocarbons Ketones Aldehydes
Terpenes
372
Terpenoid
Terpenes containing oxygen
373
How do terpenes become terpenoids
Oxidation
374
Ultraviolet radiation
A high energy form of light, present in sunlight
375
A high energy form of light, present in sunlight
Ultraviolet radiation
376
What can exposure to UV light result in
molecules gaining sufficient energy for bonds to be broken
377
What can cause molecules gaining sufficient energy for bonds to be broken
Expose to UV light
378
Types of ultraviolet radiation
UV-A UV-B UV-C
379
UV-A
skin cancer Longest wavelengths and releases free radicals
380
skin cancer Longest wavelengths and releases free radicals
UV-A
381
UV-B
sunburns Partially blocked by the ozone layer
382
sunburns Partially blocked by the ozone layer
UV-B
383
UV-C
totally absorbed by the earths atmosphere We encounter it only from artificial radiation sources
384
totally absorbed by the earths atmosphere We encounter it only from artificial radiation sources
UV-C
385
What is sunburn the result of
Your skin cells committing mass suicide to protect you from their damaged DNA (that can cause cancer)
386
What can your skin cells committing mass suicide to protect you from their damaged DNA (that can cause cancer) cause
Sunburn
387
Melanin
A pigment that is produced when your skin is exposed to light
388
A pigment that is produced when your skin is exposed to light
Melanin
389
What does melanin do
Absorbs the UV radiation found in sunlight to help protect your skin
390
what absorbs the UV radiation found in sunlight to help protect your skin
Melanin
391
Result of melanin absorbing UV radiation
Skin becomes darker (a tan) Which is a sign that it has been damaged by UV rays
392
What reveals the effect of photoaging
UV photography
393
Skin cancer
Damage to skin that causes mutations that stop the DNA functioning properly
394
Sun block
Inorganic ingredients reflect our scatter (block) UV radiation Doesn’t allow UV radiation through the skin
395
Inorganic ingredients reflect our scatter (block) UV radiation Doesn’t allow UV radiation through the skin
Sun block
396
Sun screen
Organic ingredients can absorb UV radiation, displaying it as heat Therefore, less radiation reaches the skin Can also include free radical scavengers
397
Organic ingredients can absorb UV radiation, displaying it as heat Therefore, less radiation reaches the skin Can also include free radical scavengers
Sun screen
398
When do free radicals form
When UV light breaks up a molecule
399
What happens when UV light breaks up a molecule
Free radicals form
400
How are free radicals shown
X•
401
X•
Free radical
402
steps of free radical reactions
Initiation Propagation Termination
403
Initiation Propagation Termination
Steps of free radical reactions
404
Initiation
Free radicals are formed when a molecule abalone radiation UV light provides the energy to break the bins and form two reactive free radicals
405
Free radicals are formed when a molecule abalone radiation UV light provides the energy to break the bins and form two reactive free radicals
Initiation
406
Propagation
Free radicals react to form further free radicals that can themselves react This continues until all the free radicals are used up, or they come with other free radicals
407
Free radicals react to form further free radicals that can themselves react This continues until all the free radicals are used up, or they come with other free radicals
Propagation
408
Termination
Free radicals combine, slowing the rate of and slowing the reaction Free radicals are used up by reacting with expert Since free radicals are required to keep this reaction going, once they have all combined the reaction will stop
409
Free radicals combine, slowing the rate of and styling the reaction Free radicals are used up by reacting with eachother Since free radicals are required to keep this reaction going, once they have all combined the reaction will still
Termination
410
When do alkane react with bromine
UV light, but reaction is slow
411
Tollens colour change
Colourless to silver
412
Fehlings
Blue to red
413
Acidified dichromate
Orange to green
414
How to make emulsifier with edible oils
Reacting it with glycerol
415
Emulsifier
1. Hydrophobic part dissolves in non polar liquids 2. Hydrophilic part dissolves in polar liquids
416
Why must potassium dichromate be acidified
To provide H+ ions
417
Enzymes at high temperatures
1 enzymes becomes denatured Hydrogen bonds are broken
418
How to prepare standard solution
1. Dissolve substance in small volume of water 2. Transfer quantitatively 3. Make up to the mark on flask
419
What does a fat produce when hydrolysed
Soap
420
Standard solution
A solution with an accurately known concentration

H Chemistry (3 decks)

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