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AP Psychology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Behavior genetics

A

study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

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2
Q

Heredity

A

the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring

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3
Q

Environment

A

every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

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4
Q

what is the purpose of twin & adoption studies

A

Help behavior geneticists to study the effects and interaction of nature and nurture

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5
Q

Thomas Bouchard

A

studied 74 pairs of identical twins raised apart

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6
Q

what did Thomas Bouchard’s studies show

A

Found similarities in identical twins raised apart:
taste, physical attributes, personality, abilities, attitudes, interests, fears

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7
Q

what are some critiques of separated twin studies

A

Anecdotal data
Could find coincidental similarities between anyone
Adoption agencies tend to place separate twins in similar homes

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8
Q

how are people who have been adopted similar to their genetic relatives and environmental relatives

A
  • People who have been adopted are more similar to their bio parents than their adoptive parents
    Particularly in extraversion and agreeableness
  • Adoptive parents influence their children’s attitudes, values, manners, politics, and faith
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9
Q

Heritability

A

The proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes

ex. For many personality traits, heritability is about 40%
Attributes for 40% of observed variation among people

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10
Q

Identical (monozygotic) twins

A

develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, creating two genetically identical organisms

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11
Q

Fraternal (dizygotic) twins

A

develop from separate fertilized eggs

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12
Q

Molecular Genetics

A

the subfield of biology that studies molecular structure and function of genetics

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13
Q

Molecular Behavior Genetics

A

the study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior

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14
Q

Epigenetics

A

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

ex. diet, drugs, stress

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15
Q

Endocrine System

A

Regulates the different biological processes in the body, it is made up of glands and organs that make hormones and release them into the blood

Slow moving

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16
Q

structures of the endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Pineal Gland, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Gland, Adrenal Glands, Pancreas, Gonads

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17
Q

Hypothalamus

A

the part of the brain that controls the pituitary gland, and autonomic (involuntary) functions of the body

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18
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

it regulates growth and controls other glands by the release of hormones. Known as the “master gland of the endocrine system”

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19
Q

Pineal Gland

A

controls the production of melatonin - known as the “sleepy hormone” (Also helps regulate your sleep cycles)

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20
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

produces thyroid hormone (when signaled by the pituitary gland) which helps regulate metabolism. The thyroid also produces the hormone Calcitonin - which controls levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood.

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21
Q

Parathyroid Gland

A

small gland contained in a small area of the thyroid gland, and secretes parathyroid hormone - which is involved in control of calcium and phosphate metabolism

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22
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Produces Epinephrine/Adrenaline & Norepinephrine (fight or flight response)

pair of glands that sit above the kidneys. Secretes several hormones that regulate salt, blood pressure, oxygen intake, increase your heart rate, and increase blood flow

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23
Q

what do adrenal glands produce

A

Produces Epinephrine/Adrenaline & Norepinephrine (fight or flight response)

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24
Q

Pancreas

A

secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon which together regulate blood sugar and carbohydrate metabolism

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25
Q

Gonads

A

ovaries (produce female sex hormones) or testes (produce male sex hormones)

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26
Q

Nervous System

A

the fast-acting, electrochemical communication network that uses neurons and nerve cells to coordinate activities of the organism

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27
Q

Central NS

A

the brain and spinal cord. This area is reading incoming messages from the Peripheral NS and sending orders to the rest of the body

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28
Q

Peripheral NS

A

The nerves that are outside of the brain and spinal cord. They are taking information from the brain and sending it to the rest of your body, as well as picking up information for those other parts and sending it back to your brain.

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29
Q

Sensory (Afferent) Division

A

afferent neurons conduct impulses from the sensory stimuli inside and outside of the body to the central nervous system

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30
Q

Afferent Neurons

A

neurons that conduct impulses from sense organs to the brain or spinal cord
Info from body to brain

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31
Q

Motor (Efferent) Division

A

efferent neurons transmit messages from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands of the body

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32
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

sensory and motor neurons of the sense organs and skeletal muscles. These muscles are mostly controlled voluntarily compared to the autonomic nervous system.

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33
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

the neurons of the smooth muscle and glands. Is further divided in the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Autonomic responses are involuntary such as heart rate.

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34
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

neurons that facilitate the “fight or flight” response. Arouses the body to expend energy.

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35
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

calms body to preserve energy

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36
Q

Neurons

A

the basic functional unit of the nervous system. Send and receive nerve impulses and chemical signals

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37
Q

Dendrites

A

receive messages from other neurons and sends to the cell body

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38
Q

Cell Body (Soma)

A

contains the nucleus - the cell’s life support center

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39
Q

Axon

A

passes messages away from cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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40
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

a fatty tissue that protects the axons & speeds up action potential

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41
Q

Axon Terminal

A

connects axons to dendrites and hold neurotransmitters

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42
Q

Synapse

A

a junction where neurons interconnect to send information

43
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

enables muscle action, learning, memory
Malfunction: Alzheimer’s

44
Q

Dopamine

A

influences movement, learning, attention, emotion
reward center, pleasure & reward
Oversupply = schizophrenia
Undersupply = Parkinson’s

45
Q

Serotonin

A

affects mood, hunger, sleep, arousal
“happy chemical”, emotions
Undersupply = depression

46
Q

Norepinephrine

A

helps control alertness and arousal
Undersupply = depresses mood

47
Q

GABA

A

major inhibitory neurotransmitter that contributes to regulation of anxiety
Undersupply = seizures, tremors, insomnia

48
Q

Glutamate

A

major excitatory neurotransmitter, deals with memory
Oversupply = overstimulate brain, migraines, seizures

49
Q

Endorphins

A

neurotransmitters that influence the perception of pain and pleasure
Oversupply of opiates can suppress body’s natural endorphin supply

50
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger for nervous system

51
Q

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

A

EEG is an amplified recording of the brain waves

52
Q

Why use EEG?

A

Can be useful in diagnosing brain disorders, such as epilepsy

53
Q

PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography)

A

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

54
Q

Why get a PET Scan?

A

Diagnose cancer, prepare for epilepsy surgery, help diagnose dementia

55
Q

MRI

A

technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generate images of soft tissue

Shows brain anatomy

56
Q

fMRI

A

a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans

Shows brain function as well as structure

57
Q

Brainstem

A

Begins where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull
Responsible for automatic survival function

58
Q

Medulla

A

the base of the brainstem
Controls heartbeat and breathing
Sits below the pons - helps coordinate movements and control sleep

59
Q

Thalamus

A

the brain’s sensory control center “Switchboard”
Directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

60
Q

The Reticular Formation

A

a nerve network that travels through the brainstem into the thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal

61
Q

Cerebellum

A

“little brain” at rear of brain stem; processes sensory input, coordinates movement output and balance, and enables nonverbal learning and memory

62
Q

Limbic System

A

neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres, associated with emotions and drives

63
Q

what structures are included in the limbic system

A

Hippocampus, Amygdala, Hypothalamus

64
Q

Hippocampus

A

processes conscious, explicit memories

65
Q

Amygdala

A

neural clusters linked to aggression and fear

66
Q

Hypothalamus

A

neural structure lying below the thalamus, directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temp, sexual behavior)

Helps govern the endocrine system

67
Q

Rhesus monkey’s

A

amygdala was removed and turned an ill-tempered monkey into a super chill monkey.

68
Q

cerebral cortex

A

intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres

69
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Located in the front of your brain
Interprets and controls emotional behaviors, makes decisions, and carries out plans

70
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Located behind the frontal lobe
Responsible for integrating sensory information, including temperature, pressure, and pain

71
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Located in the back of the head
Primary area for processing visual information

72
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Somewhat under the frontal lobe
Primary area for hearing, understanding language, understanding music/tonality, processing smell

73
Q

4 cortexes of the brain

A

Motor Cortex: area near the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

Somatosensory Cortex: area at the front of the parietal lobe that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

Visual Cortex = Occipital Lobe

Auditory Cortex = Temporal Lobe

74
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Located in the left frontal lobe
If this area is damaged, a person would struggle to speak words while still being able to sing familiar songs and comprehend speech
Disorder becomes known as Broca’s aphasia
Major function: speech production

75
Q

Wernick’s Area

A

Located in left temporal lobe
If this area is damaged, people would only be able to speak meaningless words
Disorder becomes known as Wenicke’s aphasia
Have difficulty understanding language, cannot understand spoken words or read written words
Major function: language comprehension center

76
Q

Brain Lateralization

A

our left and right hemispheres serve differing functions

77
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

large band of neural fibers that connect brain hemispheres and carry messages back and forth

78
Q

what side do the hemispheres connect to

A

Each hemisphere is connected to opposite side of the body

79
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

Processes information in a analytical and sequential way looking first at the pieces then putting them together to get the whole

80
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

Processes information in an intuitive and simultaneous way, looking first at the whole picture and then details

81
Q

Split-Brain Phenomenon

A

Decided to sever the corpus callosum connecting two hemispheres

Person has two brains operating independently, which allows researchers to understand how each side works

82
Q

Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga

A

Neuroscientists who realized that they could send information to paitent’s left or right hemisphere through split-brain research

83
Q

Consciousness

A

our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

84
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

the study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

85
Q

Dual Processing

A

the principles that information is simultaneously processed on conscious and unconscious tracks

86
Q

Blindsight

A

a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

87
Q

Parallel Processing

A

processing many aspects of a problem at once

Generally used to process well-learned information or to solve easy problems

88
Q

Sequential Processing

A

processing one aspect of a problem at a time

Generally used to process new information or to solve difficult problems

89
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

a chemical, or drug, that alter perceptions and moods, it’s actively messing with your “psyschology”

90
Q

under what conditions might experiences differ using psychoactive drugs

A

effects can vary person to person, within different social and societal contexts, and with different user expectations

91
Q

stimulants

A

drugs that increase activity within the CNS

92
Q

depressants

A

drugs that reduce or slow activity within CNS

93
Q

hallucinogens

A

drugs that distort perceptions or sensory input. cause the user to perceive things that are not here or perceive things different than they really are

94
Q

tolerance

A

by using a drug the effects are lessened more and more as you continue to take it

95
Q

addiction

A

when someone begins to crave a drug. they continue to use it regardless of the side effects

96
Q

effects of suffering from withdrawal

A

cravings, insomnia, depression, cold-shakes, nausea, mood changes, confusion

97
Q

withdrawal

A

various side effects people go through when not taking their drugs

98
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that send signals through CNS

99
Q

agonist

A

a molecule that increases the effect of a neurotransmitter

can mimic a neurotransmitter, increasing the signal the receptors pick up

activates receptors

100
Q

antagonist

A

a molecule that blocks a neurotransmitter from reaching its receptor

does not activate receptors

101
Q

Concussion

A

a traumatic brain injury that affects your brain function

102
Q

Concussion effects

A

Headaches, problems with concentration, memory, balance, and coordination

103
Q

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

A

Occurs when trauma to the brain causes tau protein to pool in brain cells
Portions of the brain starts to rot
No approved medications to fight it

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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