Unit 2

Question 1

Hazard

Answer 1

(any sources of potential damage, harm, etc)

any sources of potential damage, harm, or adverse health effects on something or someone

Question 2

Risk

Answer 2

the chance or probability that a person will be harmed

the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse health effect if exposed to a hazards

Question 3

Route of entry (4) of hazards

Hazards’ entry route

Answer 3

Inhalation, absorption, ingestion, injection

Question 4

What type of inhalation hazards?

Answer 4

Biogical inhalation hazards: airborne pathogens, viruses, toxin, spores, fungi

Chemical inhalation hazards: gases, vapours, aerosol

Question 5

What is best control of hazards on injection hazards?

Answer 5

Engineering controls

Question 6

What tools use for Hazard of identification?

Answer 6

SDSs(safety data sheet)
Review of precesures
Review of inspection and incident reports
Equipment operating manual
Maintenance report
Literature reviews

Question 7

Hierarchy of control of hazards

Answer 7

Engineering controls-most effective measures
Administrative controls
PPE controls -the last line of defence

Question 8

How many step of Hazard assessment ?

Answer 8

5step

1. List the critical steps
2. Identify all equipment and procedures
3. Identify potential sources of hazards
4. Implement hazard controls - use the hierarchy
5. Verify the effectiveness of controls

Question 9

Risk assessment parameters
- risk classification

Answer 9

Probability
Severity
Frequency

Question 10

What level of risk is acceptable ?

Answer 10

Low risk

Low Risk -acceptable, no further controls are required, may continue
Medium Risk - unacceptable further control needs may continue for a limited period
High Risk - unacceptable further control needs, work stop immediately

Never gonna be 0 risk-always have risk in lab

Question 11

Good lab safety practices
Before working the lab

Answer 11

1. Emergency response procedures
2. Know escape route and althernate route
3. Know the location of emergency equipment

Question 12

Good lab safety practices
While working the lab

Answer 12

1. Wear PPE appropriate
2. No food
3. No unknown(unauthorized) person

Question 13

Good lab safety practices
Before leaving the lab

Answer 13

1. Clean up areas equipment surfaces
2. Leave PPE in the lab
3. Hand washing

Question 14

Example of Biological hazard
8things

Answer 14

Biological Hazards
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, infectious materials(body fluid, blood, cell lines), prions, vector-burned pathogens, microbial toxins

Bacteria; single celled organisms (E.Coli, salmonella, streptococcus) can live within or outside a host.
Viruses; infective agent (hepatitis B, HIV-1, mumps) capable of copying itself, but requires a host
Fungi; spore producing organisms (yeasts, rust, molds)
Parasites; organism which lives within the host, depriving it of nutrients (roundworms, toxoplasma gondii)
Infectious material (blood and body fluid, cell lines)
Prions; pathogenic agents that are transmissible. Effects prion proteins in the brain
Vector-borne pathogens; infection transmitted from animal to human (malaria from mosquitoes)

Question 15

Risk Groups from Canadian biosafety standard
4

Answer 15

Risk Group 1 - low individual risk, low community risk; containment Level 1
Risk Group 2 -moderate individual risk, low community risk; containment Level 2
Risk Group 3 -high individual risk, low community risk; containment Level 3
Risk Group 4 - high individual risk, high community risk; containment level 4

Question 16

What risk group and containment level of the majority of clinical and lab?

Answer 16

Rush group 2 containment level 2

Question 17

How to mitigate risk on containment levels?

Answer 17

Containment level 1: hand washing
Containment level 2: administrative controls
Containment level3: engineering controls

Question 18

Transmission of biological hazards
How many of The links in the chain?

Answer 18

6 infectious agent - reservoir - portal of exit - mode of transmission - portal of entry - susceptible host

How to break the link
Infectious agent - sterilization disinfection
Reservoir / engineering controls
Portal of exit /hand hygiene
Mode of transmission - engineering control ,hand hygiene
Portal of Entry - hand hygiene, PPE
Susceptible host - treatment, immunization

Question 19

Biological Aerosols

Respiratory exposure to airborne infectious agents is dependent on

Answer 19

The type of infectious agent
The size of the infectious particles
The concentration of infectious agents in the aerosol
The persistence of the aerosol
The length of exposure time

Question 20

What do Microorganisms need to grow? 6

Answer 20

Nutrition
Oxygen
Moisture
Temperature 37C
Darkness
Neutral pH7

Question 21

Pathogen

Answer 21

an organism that causes infection

Question 22

Communicable disease:

Answer 22

an infection that spreads from person to person

Question 23

Nosocomial infection

Answer 23

hospital-acquired infection resulting from contact with infected patients, employees, visitors or contaminated equipment

Question 24

Opportunistic infection

Answer 24

results from a defective immune svstem that cannot defend the body from pathogens normally found in the environment

Question 25

Normal flora or resident

Answer 25

bacteria that normally exist on our body • On the skin, it resides and grows in the epidermis and deeper layers of the skin known as the dermis • Difficult to remove from the skin

Question 26

Transient flora

Answer 26

picked up bacteria during daily activity can be pathogenic • Lives and grows on the superficial skin layers, or epidermis • Picked up on the hands through daily activities • Often pathogenic, but because it is attached loosely to the skin, it is removed easily with handwashing or by applying an alcohol-based hand rub

Question 27

Fomites

Answer 27

inanimate objects that can carry and transmit infectious agents • Bed linens, contaminated equipment, telephones, water fountains

Question 28

Means of infection (8)

Answer 28

Inhalation Absorption Ingestion Percutaneous Permucosol People Contaminated objects Venipunctures

Question 29

How to remove or reduce microorganisms?

Answer 29

Decontamination Disinfection Sterilization

Question 30

What requires for autoclaves? (5)

Answer 30

Time 15mins or more Temperature 121C Pressure 15PSI Contact Moisture content

Question 31

Biological indicator for sterilization What advantage and disadvantage?

Answer 31

Geobaillus stearothermophilhs uses steam Bacillus atrophaeus uses dry heat A: Specific temperature and time D: Test materials must be incubated in 24-48 hours

Question 32

What is the difference between disinfection and sterilization and discontamination?

Answer 32

All of goal : reduce or remove micro organisms Decontamination - reasonable free of microorganisms Disinfection - much less lethal to infectious materials than sterilization Sterilization : full of elimination Decontamination - "process by which materials and surfaces are rendered safe to handle and reasonably free of microorganisms, toxins, or prions; this may be accomplished through disinfection, inactivation, or sterilization Sterilization - a process "that completely eliminates all living microorganisms, including bacterial spores" • Usually though use of an autoclave, dry heat, boiling or incineration Disinfection: "that eliminates most forms of living microorganisms; disinfection is much less lethal to infectious material than sterilization" Bleach; 1/10 for spills, 1/100 for wiping Isopropyl alcohol; 70% or 95% Combination products; alcohol/quaternary ammonium, hydrogen peroxide

Question 33

What is Universal precautions and Standard precautions?

Answer 33

Universal precautions ( 1985) - procedures for dealing with patients and test specimens based on the assumption that all patients may be positive for bloodborne pathogens Standard precautions (1996) - used with all patients all the time A safety guidelines designed to protect patients and healthcare workers All patients and all body fluids, any substance, organs and unfixed tissues be regarded as potentially infectious. • 3 transmission based precautions - airborne, droplet, contact Use PPE Routine practices - based on all laboratory samples being potentially infectious

Question 34

What BSCs?

Answer 34

Biological safety cabinet • Designed for partial primary containment for BIOLOGICAL hazards • Air supply and removal • Minimizes the escape or aerosols • HEPA filter • Certified on initial installation, when moved/repaired, annually • Routine maintenance - wipe down, drip tray, clean the lights

Question 35

Step of proper use of BSCs Start up Working Completion

Answer 35

Start up considerations A BSC is certified for use by one person at a time(no 2peole) Working in the BSC Avoid excessive movement of hands and arms through the front opening Completion of work in the BSC Allow enough time for the air in the BSC to filler