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Anthropology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is archaeology

A

the study of the human past through material evidence of humans

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2
Q

Why do archaeologists dislike the art market?

A

it encourages looting which destoys context and the past is lost

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3
Q

what does context mean?

A

where an artifact was used (the site, the soils, the layer that the artifact came from)

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4
Q

why do archaelogists discourage private collections?

A

collections encourage the destruction of sites and iformation that can be gained is reduced

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5
Q

what do archaeologists do?

A

-survey for sites (find the locations of past human activity
- excavate
-lab work
-publishing

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6
Q

what are the different types of fieldwork

A

survey and excavation

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7
Q

what are surveys

A

walking a cross and area looking for artifacts and sites then create a map showing the locations of the things you found

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8
Q

what are the pros and cons of regional surveys

A

pros- provide small info about a large number of sites
- less expensive

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9
Q

what are the cons of regional surveys

A

they provide more general results

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10
Q

what is the goal of a regional survery?

A

to map the locations of sites over a large area and compare changes through time

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11
Q

what advanced tools are used in regional survey

A

aerial and satellite imagery

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12
Q

ground penetrating radar (gps)

A

a tool used in field survey that looks like a lawnmower, it sends signals down to the groud that bounce back if there is something in the ground

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13
Q

what are the two types of archaeological excavation

A

vertical and horizontal

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14
Q

goal of vertical excavation

A

to understand chronology and culture change over time

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15
Q

example of stratigraphy

A

different colors of soil in the ground that represend different events

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16
Q

what is vertical excavation

A

deep cross section through multiple time periods

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17
Q

what is horizontal excavation

A

broad areal exposure of a layer from a single time period

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18
Q

what is the goal of horizontal excavation

A

understand site function and use of space during a single time period

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19
Q

difference between regional survey and excavations

A

surverys cover a large amount of area vs. excavation is focused on getting info on a small area and it is more expensive

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20
Q

what are the two dating methods

A

relative dating and absolute dating

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21
Q

what is relative dating

A

statigraphy ex.) the top of the soil is the youngest while the deepest part of the soil is the oldest

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22
Q

what is absolute dating

A

Radiocarbon dating and dendrochronology dating

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23
Q

what is radiocarbon dating

A

a method in which can accurately determine the age of organic materials (having once lived like plants,animals, etc.)

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24
Q

how does radiocarbon dating work

A

-after death C-14 (isotope) decays into N-14
- half life is 5,730
-good for things less that 30k yrs old
- objects must be organic

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25
Q

dendrochronology

A

-dating method that is only used in areas of good wood preservation

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26
Q

what 3 components do archaeological sites have

A

artifacts, eco facts, and features

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27
Q

what are artifacts

A

any object created or modified by human action (cups, tools, statues)

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28
Q

what are ecofacts

A

an unmodified natural item that humans have used or affected ( animal bones and pollen grains)
-these are important for info about diet and climate

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29
Q

what are features?

A

immovable objects, structures, floors, trash layers, pit.etc
- gives info about context of a site

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30
Q

how does a site become a site?

A

though rare
- catostrophic destruction
-raiding and warfare

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31
Q

what conditions are good for preservation

A

extreme cold, very wet, or very dry conditions

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32
Q

when did amh arrive in australia

A

50k BC ( the sea level was low enough that there was a land bridge between asia and north america

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33
Q

clovis culture

A
  • clovis is the earliest recongnized culture in north america
  • clovis people used fluted clovis sprear points to hunt with
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34
Q

the clovis model

A

places the arrival of the first americans around 12k to 11k BC, just as the last ice age was ending

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35
Q

pre-clovis model

A

suggest that humans reached north ameria earlier, bring with them different and more generalized tool making culture

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36
Q

What three major language groups suggest that seperate migrations occured (linguistic evidence )

A

Amerind (south-central, and North america)
-na dene (SW US navajo and apache)
- Athapaskan (NW Us. Canada, alaska)

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36
Q

what evidence is there for earlier cultures (pre-clovis) in the Americas?

A

The site of monte verde in chile -dates around 12,000 BC

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37
Q

what diseases were exchanges to the old-new and new-old

A

old to new -smallpox, measles, typhus,cholera, scarlet fever
new to old- syphilis

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38
Q

Bering starit

A
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39
Q

white sands

A

in mexico footprints were found that had seeds which dated to 23 b.c which showed that people arrived to the americans before 24k bc

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40
Q

monte verde

A

site in chile that dates to 12k b.c
it has good evidencce of people

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41
Q

Dna evidence

A

suggest there were at least 3 major migrations

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42
Q

what is the relationship between global ice and seas levels

A

rising sea levels led to cut off american

43
Q

what was the impact of european exploration and contact

A

brought diseases which swept through american populations 90 percent of the population died in the first century

44
Q

what does monte verde prove

A

that people arrived earlier than 12k bc

45
Q

Centralized(non-egalitarian)

A

society that is in the hands of the “elite”

46
Q

uncentralized (egalitarian)

A

society is equally distributed

47
Q

what groups are uncentralized(egalitarian)

A

bands and tribes

48
Q

what groups are centralized(non-egalitarian)

A

chiefdoms and states

49
Q

what type of economic stystem are bands associated with

A

food collecting: hunting and gathering/foraging

50
Q

what type of economic system are tribes associated with

A

food production: horticulture and pastoralism

51
Q

what type of economic system are chiefdoms

A

food production: intensive agriculture

52
Q

what type of economic systems are states

A

food production:mechanized/commercial argriculture

53
Q

10k years ago what kind of society were people living in

A

band society

54
Q

band organization

A

-low population density
-less than 250 people
-break up into groups of 10-30

55
Q

what is foraging

A

food getting strategies that focuses on wild plants and animals through hunting, gathering, and fishing

56
Q

egalitarianism in bands

A

-status is based on age and sex
-most people carry out same tasks
-leadership is temporary
-no one has power over anyone else
-when disagreements occur band will divide

57
Q

bands thrive when?

A

population levels are low and there are areas to expand

58
Q

how do bands exchange

A

by reciprocity

59
Q

what is reciprocity?

A

primary mechanism of exhchange and distribution of goods within bands and tribes

60
Q

what are the misconceptions about hunter gatherers

A

-no leisure time
-starving and malnourished
-no stable food supply

61
Q

what is domestication

A

a change in physsical charateristics of wild species from human manipulation

62
Q

what was the first animal to be domesticated

A

the dog

63
Q

what is body morphology

A

differences appear in the bodies of wild and domesticated animals ex. wild boars are much larger,harder to handle, and have bigger teeth than domestic pigs

63
Q

how can you tell if an animal is domesticated

A

-body morphology and population demography

64
Q

what is population demography

A

differences in the range of genders and ages between a domesticated group of animals and those found in the wild.

65
Q

why arent all animals domesticated

A

-they need to fit the criteria of (flexible diet, fast growth rate, usefulness, etc.

65
Q

what are common changes in domesticated animals

A

body size (some get smaller or bigger)
dangerous parts like horns and teeth get smaller

66
Q

why are animals domesticated

A

-to work with us (temperament and intelligence)
-resouces like meat, woolk, eggs, leather, etc

67
Q

what is the earliest evidence of plant domestication

A

dates to 10k years ago in the middle eat with wheat

68
Q

consquence of early domestication

A

rapid increase in population
food surplus
concepts of ownership
differences in power

68
Q

evidence of a domesticated plant

A

larger in size, large seeds, brittle shell
-grinding tools and blades
-storage

69
Q

what happens within a society once there is a shift from food collecftion to food production

A

-population increase, markets, ownership,etc

70
Q

tribal organization

A

-independent villages that share culture, language, and region
-250- several thousand people
-use combinations of hunting and gather/ horticulture(small farming)

71
Q

which society was first to use domestication

A

tribes

72
Q

tribal poltical organization

A

greater diversity
power is non centalized
achievements and abilities deterimes place within the society

73
Q

what is the difference between horticulture and pastorialism

A

horticulture-involves part time planting and tending of domesticated food plants
pastoralism-herding of animals

74
Q

where does pastorialism usually occur

A

in areas with poor agricultural soils or hilly/mountainous areas

75
Q

another name for “independent villages”

A

tribes

76
Q

why does pastorialism occur in small populations

A

low population density allows animals to use large areas for grazing

77
Q

chiefdom organization

A

-population-thousands to millions
-multilocal groups
-monumental building(noble houses, tombs,ets
-exhange of foreign goods

78
Q

what place is an example of a chiefdom

A

Cahokia near St. Louis (significant sight in north america that showed increased social complexity)

79
Q

how are chiefdoms centralized

A

power, prestige, and wealth become centralized within a small elite class of individuals who live near the “paramount village”

79
Q

how are chiefdoms unified

A

by the paramount village

80
Q

what is intensive agriculture

A

large scale agricultural production, storage, and tribute taxes
(use of feritilizers, plows, irrigation)

81
Q

how does intensive agriculture affect society

A

same plots of land are used->production of canals,etc.->land ownership->large scale production->population growth and craft specialization

81
Q

how is status based in chiefdoms

A

-distance from the chief
-two or 3 ranks 1. chief and family 2. district cheifs
3. everyone else

82
Q

what type of production do chiefdoms use

A

intensive agriculture

83
Q

role of the chief

A

-hereditarity position
-usually permanent
-organizes labor
-directs military activities

84
Q

how do chiefdoms gain power

A

-military power(the chief can call people to fight)
-ideological power(chiefs have access to gods)
-economic(controls access to resources like trade and land)

85
Q

what is a stratified society

A

one who puts people into rankings based on wealth, income, power, etc.

86
Q

Features of states

A
  • formal, permanent,centralized government
    -intensive agriculture, social stratification, large trade and production, large public works
87
Q

Population of states

A

-contain 100000-millions of people
-multilocal group
- expansion allows them to take over other groups

88
Q

what does the centalized government do in states

A

-collects taxes
-enforces laws
-military and police

89
Q

how are states highly stratified societies

A

-groups have unequal access to power,prestige, and wealth
-differnt opportunities
-

90
Q

why does social inequality exist

A

-control of limit4ed resources leads to greater wealth
-greater wealth leads to enhanced social position
-enhanced social position equals more control over resources

91
Q

tiwanaku

A

located in bolivia and known for being a state
-there were lots of cities and towns in the surrounding area-brought through extensive trade through large roads

92
Q

evidence of extensive trade networks

A

-large roads connected to many cities for exchange

93
Q

why did states emerge

A

-population growth
-resource circumscription(ex more people live near water because resources)

94
Q

what is malthusian trap

A

-by Thomas Malthus, at high level populations experience wide-spread starvation until the population agains drops below the regional carrying capacity.

95
Q

what place is an example of mathusian trap

A

easter island

96
Q

Carl Sagan-“extraordinary claims require

A

Extraordinary evidence”

97
Q
A
98
Q
A
98
Q
A

Anthropology (3 decks)

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