Unit 2

Question 1

Prophase

Answer 1

• Nuclear envelope begins to dissolve to see chromosomes
• spindles appear
• chromosomes condense
• centrosomes move to opposite side of the nucleus

Question 2

Metaphase

Answer 2

• all chromosomes are lined up in middle
• no nucleus
  -everything is connected

Question 3

Anaphase

Answer 3

-microtubules from opposite poles overlap and push against each other, elongating the cell
-cohesive proteins are cut and sisterhoods are pulled apart

Question 4

Telaphase

Answer 4

-Nucleus starts to reform
-chromosomes start to recoil (histones start to unravel)
-starts to copy DNA and make proteins
- cells actually start to divide

Question 5

cytokinesis

Answer 5

Making the cell into two roughly equal halves

Question 6

G2

Answer 6

chromosomes start condensing
preparing for mitosis

Question 7

plant cell division- name that phase!!

Question 8

chromatin = _______ + ________

Answer 8

DNA + Proteins (histones)

Question 9

Karyotype

Answer 9

the particular array of
chromosomes of an organism

Question 10

what’s Interphase composed of?

Answer 10

G1, S phase, and G2

Question 11

G1

Answer 11

time of cell growth

Question 12

G2

Answer 12

Synthesis of DNA (DNA replication)

Question 13

S phase

Answer 13

• chromosomes begin to
  condense
• which means DNA is being copied

Question 14

Centrioles (microtubule organizing centers)

Answer 14

replicate and one centriole
moves to each pole

Question 15

What happens during the G2 phase to chromosomes?

Answer 15

they begin to undergo
condensation, becoming
tightly coiled.

Question 16

why do we have checkpoints?

Answer 16

to make sure everything that should be happening is, so it’s not messed up beofore

Question 17

what’s the most important checkpoint?

Answer 17

G1

Question 18

where are most cells?

Answer 18

G0 phase

Question 19

what happens to cyclin proteins?

Answer 19

is damage is detected, the cyclins downrefulate

Question 20

what’s the last checkpoint?

Answer 20

M checkpoint (a.k.a spindle checkpoint)

Question 21

how do you control the cell cycle?

Answer 21

Growth factors:
- influence the cell cycle
-trigger intracellular signaling systems

Question 22

example

Answer 22

platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
- triggers cells to divide during wound
healing

Question 23

what’s density-dependent inhibition?

Answer 23

crowded cells stop dividing

Question 24

How do you know if there are cells around you?

Answer 24

cell signaling

Question 25

what do most cells exhibit?

Answer 25

anchorage dependence = must be attached to a substratum in order to divide

Question 26

what’s different about cancer?

Answer 26

Cancer cells exhibit neither density-dependent inhibition nor anchorage dependence

Question 27

what are the Two kinds of genes can disturb the cell cycle when they are mutated?

Answer 27

1. tumor-suppressor genes
2. proto-oncogenes

Question 28

Tumor-suppressor genes example:

Answer 28

P53

Question 29

what’s does P53 do?

Answer 29

halts cell division if DNA damage is found and helps damage but if damage is too much then cell undergo apoptosis (death)

Question 30

what’s transformation?

Answer 30

Conversion to a cancerous cell

Question 31

Benign tumor

Answer 31

If abnormal cells remain only at
the original site

Question 32

Malignant tumors

Answer 32

invade surrounding tissues
and undergo (metastasis), may form additional tumors

Question 33

treatment for Benign tumor

Answer 33

*Surgery
*Radiation (cancer cells typically can’t repair damage)

Question 34

treatment for Malignant (or suspected malignant)

Answer 34

Chemotherapy
*e.g., Taxol stops actively diving cells
*Side effect is hair loss, nausea (these are normal cells that actively divide)

Question 35

what are some Chemotherapy
*e.g., Taxol stops actively diving cells
*Side effect is hair loss, nausea (these are normal
cells that actively divide