Unit 2

Question 1

Nature vs Nurture

Answer 1

The debate of whether human behavior is determined by genetics or learned through environments (Thomas Bouchard Experiment of identical twins of their IQ)

Question 2

Biopsychosocial Approach

Answer 2

The approach of biological (genes), psychological (gene expression + beliefs) and social- cultural(peer influence) influences all play a part in our individual development

Question 3

Endocrine System

Answer 3

Endocrine Gland
- Pineal Gland, Hypothalamus, and pituitary Gland

• Thyroid and parathyroid
• Adrenal glands
• Pancreas

Question 4

Pineal Gland

Answer 4

• Produce melatonin
• regulate circadian rhythm

Question 5

Hypothalamus

Answer 5

• control pituitary gland
• trigger hunger and thirst
• maintain homeostasis

Question 6

Pituitary Gland

Answer 6

• Control growth
• Produce hormones such as oxytocin (pair bonding and social trusts)

Question 7

Thyroid Gland

Answer 7

• maintain metabolism

Question 8

Parathyroid

Answer 8

• regulate the level of calcium in blood

Question 9

Adrenal Glands

Answer 9

• Trigger fight or flight responsesF

Question 10

Fight or flight Response

Answer 10

Automatic Physiological reaction to an event perceived as stressful or frightening

Question 11

Pancreas

Answer 11

• Regulate the level of blood sugar releasing inculin

Question 12

Testis and Ovaries

Answer 12

Reproductive organs in the male and female

Question 13

Epigenetics

Answer 13

• study of how environmental factors influence gene expression

Question 14

CNS (central nervous system)

Answer 14

composed of brain and spinal cords

Question 15

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

Answer 15

connects sensory and motor neurons to the CNS

Question 16

Somatic nervous system (branch of PNS)

Answer 16

charge of controlling voluntary movements of our skeletal muscle

Question 17

Autonomic nervous system (branch of PNS)

Answer 17

controls all automatic functions of our internal organs (Such as heart beat or breathing)

Question 18

Dendrite

Answer 18

Receives information and transfers to the cell body

Question 19

Axon

Answer 19

Pass message to its terminal branches

Question 20

Myelin Sheath

Answer 20

A layer of tissue that covers the axon and speeds up neural impulses. Without a myelin sheath, there is a loss of muscle control

Question 21

Threshold

Answer 21

Minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

Question 22

all-or-none response

Answer 22

they either fire or they don’t

Question 23

Excitatory

Answer 23

Pushes neuron’s accelerator, makes a neuron more likely to reach action potential and fire

Question 24

Inhibitory

Answer 24

Push a neuron’s brake, makes it less likely for a neuron to reach action potential

Question 25

Acetylcholine (ACH)

Answer 25

Function - Enable muscle action, learning, and memory Malfunction - Alzheimer disease

Question 26

Dopamine

Answer 26

Function - Influence movement, learning, attention, and emotion Malfunction - Less Dopamine = Parkinson Disease -Oversupply of Dopamine = Schizophrenia

Question 27

Serotonin

Answer 27

Function - Affect mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal Malfunction - Undersupply = Depression Antidepressant drug raise serotonin

Question 28

Norepinephrine

Answer 28

Function - Help control alertness and arousal Malfunction - Undersupply can depress mood

Question 29

GABA

Answer 29

Function - Inhibitory neurotransmitter Malfunction - Undersupply = seizures, tremors, and insomnia

Question 30

Glutamate

Answer 30

Function - Excitatory neurotransmitter Malfunction - oversupply = stimulate brain = migraines and seizures

Question 31

Endorphins

Answer 31

Function - Diminish perception of pain and act as natural sedative Malfunction - Undersupply = cause depression, anxiety and moodiness

Question 32

withdraw

Answer 32

금단현상

Question 33

Types of Drug

Answer 33

- Depressant -Stimulant - Hallucination - Opiates

Question 34

Stimulants

Answer 34

drugs that excites neural activity and speed up body function ex) nicotine, cocaine

Question 35

Depressant

Answer 35

drugs that reduce or slow our neural activity and body functions ex) alcohol

Question 36

Opiates

Answer 36

depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety as well ex) endorphine

Question 37

Hallucinogens

Answer 37

drugs known to distort perception and evoke sensory images without any actual sensory input ex) LSD

Question 38

Brainstem

Answer 38

Function - responsible for controlling many of the body's basic function parts - midbrain -pons -medulla

Question 39

Midbrain

Answer 39

- responsible for managing some of the body's reflex (ex) eye movement) - control of sleep, wakefulness, and alertness

Question 40

pons

Answer 40

- Connects brainstem to cerebellum - Responsible for sleep, dream, walking

Question 41

medulla

Answer 41

- responsible for vital body functions (heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing)

Question 42

Thalamus

Answer 42

Sensory center - plays crucial role in the processing and relay of sensory information to the appropriate areas of the brain

Question 43

Cerebellum

Answer 43

- responsible for maintaining balance and coordinate movement + process sensory input, nonverbal learning, and implicit memory

Question 44

Limbic System

Answer 44

group of brain structure that involved in emotions - Amygdala (emotions) - Hippocampus (memory) Hypothalamus (homeostasis) + hypothalamus is also in endocrine system as well

Question 45

Frontal Lobe

Answer 45

deals with -problem solving - decision making -planning -judgement

Question 46

Parietal Lobe

Answer 46

- receives input about touch, temperature, pain, and body position

Question 47

Temporal Lobe

Answer 47

- Auditory information

Question 48

Occipital Lobe

Answer 48

- Visual Information

Question 49

Corpus Callosum

Answer 49

Bridge that allows two Hemisphere to exchange informations

Question 50

Broca's Area

Answer 50

Deals with production of language and speaking (언어, 말 다치면 벙어리)

Question 51

Wernicke's Area

Answer 51

Deal with understanding language (말귀를 못알아 듣는다)

Question 52

Left Hemisphere

Answer 52

Control right hand - Spoken language -written language - mathematical/ logical thought process - analysis and reading Deep Thinking

Question 53

Right Hemisphere

Answer 53

Control left hand -nonverbal perception -responsible for musical/artistic process - emotional thought Creative Mind

Question 54

CT

Answer 54

Function - 2d image of brain using X-ray Good - show structures of brain and damages Bad - Does not show the function of brain

Question 55

PET

Answer 55

Function - Radioactive glucose tracked down to show metabolism by the brain Good - Record brain activity Bad - Less precise than fMRI and exposure to radiation

Question 56

EEG

Answer 56

Function - Electrodes placed on head and graphical images is produced Good - Useful with sleep research Bad - No structure or function of brain

Question 57

fMRI

Answer 57

Function - Measures change in blood flow and creates 3D image Good - More precise than PET scan with functional picture of brain Bad - Brain area activate for different reasons but unable to detect this

Question 58

Roger Sperry

Answer 58

Neuropsychologists winning Nobel prize as he discovered the different functions of Right and Left Hemisphere

Question 59

Plasticity

Answer 59

brain's ability to reorganize itself after and accident or tragedy or modify itself in response to experience a change

Question 60

Mere- Exposure effect

Answer 60

People tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them - describes our preference in old stimuli (have seen before) over new stimuli

Question 61

Priming

Answer 61

- People tend to respond more quickly and accurately to question they have already seen even if they don't remember them

Question 62

Blind sight

Answer 62

People who are blind can still accurately describe the path of an object they cannot seePr

Question 63

Preconscious

Answer 63

무의식 out of your awareness, but anything within your preconscious could be recalled 너 생일이 언제였지? 생각하면 기억남

Question 64

Unconscious

Answer 64

인간의 본능 욕구 level of conscious that includes all of your unacceptable thoughts and feelings (sexual ect.)

Question 65

Nonconscious

Answer 65

body process that you don't control 24/7 (heart beat, respiration, digestion)

Question 66

Tolerance

Answer 66

diminishing effect of a drug when taking the same dose of it

Question 67

Circadian rhythm

Answer 67

internal clock, control our temperature and wakefulness in 24-hour cycle Suprachiasmatic nucleus in hypothalamus control the circadian rhythm

Question 68

Sleep is important because

Answer 68

- it helps us restore and repair brain tissue - restores and rebuild memories of the day - feeds creative thinking

Question 69

NREM-1

Answer 69

Falling into unconsciousness, easily awaken (sleep itself is a conscious state)

Question 70

NREM-2

Answer 70

Deeper into sleep, bursts of brain activity (sleep spindle)

Question 71

NREM-3

Answer 71

Deepest sleep; characterized by deep and slow delta waves

Question 72

REM

Answer 72

Dreaming occurs, high brain activity, physical appearance of deep sleep

Question 73

Insomnia

Answer 73

불면증 (inability to fall asleep)

Question 74

Narcolepsy

Answer 74

Sudden uncontrollable sleep attack (기면증)

Question 75

Night Terror

Answer 75

typically impact children (occur in NREM-3) walk around while sleeping or screaming

Question 76

Manifest Content

Answer 76

Made by Sigmund Freud actual remembered storyline (말 그대로 꿈의 전체적인 이야기의 흐름)

Question 77

Latent Content

Answer 77

Underlying meaning of the dream (꿈속에 나온 것들이 무엇을 상징하는지)