Unit 2

Question 1

Who planted the seeds of the Protestant Reformation?

Answer 1

Christian Humanists John Wycliffe and Jan Hus

Question 2

95 Theses

Answer 2

A document written by Martin Luther on the corruption of the Catholic Church and calling them to reform; considered to be the start of the Protestant Reformation

Question 3

Martin Luther

Answer 3

Most well known reformer in the Protestant Reformation; wrote his 95 Theses; believed the scriptures alone should be the sole authority of Christians

Question 4

Why were the 95 Theses so popular/successful?

Answer 4

His use of the printing press allowed his ideas to spread quickly and far

Question 5

Diet of Worms

Answer 5

Trial the Roman Catholic Church (RCC) put Luther on, accusing him of heresy and demanding he recant his 95 Theses; Luther denied, so he was excommunicated

Question 6

What role did German Princes play in the Protestant Reformation?

Answer 6

Namely Prince Fredrick III protected Martin Luther while he was in hiding after being excommunicated; they were actually the main ones contributing to reform by supporting Luther’s ideas; they knew if the Catholic church had less power, they would have more

Question 7

John Calvin

Answer 7

Founder of Calvinism from Switzerland, supported Martin Luther but had sightly different interpretation of the doctrine of salvation

Question 8

How did John Calvin’s beliefs differ from Martin Luther’s?

Answer 8

They shared the same fundamental beliefs, but Calvin believed in predestination and that the people God had already chosen to go to Heaven, or the Elect, were “safe” in their salvation

Question 9

Difference between Calvinism and Catholicism

Answer 9

Catholics: faith + good works = salvation
Calvinists: faith = salvation → good works

Question 10

Calvin’s Geneva

Answer 10

A theocracy welfare state in Geneva, Switzerland; church and state were TIGHTLY bound; citizens were required by law to attend church 5 days a week and other strict Christian laws were implimented

Question 11

The Institutes of the Christian Religion (book)

Answer 11

A hefty volume filled with Calvin’s ideas; first complete treatment of Reformation doctrines and ideas; allowed Calvin’s ideas to spread

Question 12

Anabaptists

Answer 12

Similar to Calvinists, but they believed infants should not be baptized, because only adults could truly affirm their own faith

Question 13

Who were the wars of religion mainly fought by?

Answer 13

France and the Holy Roman Empire (HRE)

Question 14

What types of nations were France and the HRE during the wars of religion?

Answer 14

France was unified, while the HRE was made up of hundreds of loosely confederated states which had powerful individual rulers, though they were answerable to the Holy Roman Emperor

Question 15

The Huguenots

Answer 15

French Protestants who were hated and persecuted by the French Catholic gov’t (especially Catherine de Medici, 11 year old King Charles IX’s mother)

Question 16

How were the Huguenots persecuted? Give some examples

Answer 16

The Massacre of Vassy (led by the Bourbon family in 1562), the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (during the wedding of King Charles XI’s sister and Huguenot Henry of Navarre; it was organized by the evil mother-in-law Catherine de Medici)

Question 17

War of the Three Henry’s

Answer 17

Three different Henry’s were vying for the French throne: Henry III, Henry of Guise, and Henry of Navarre. The first two got assassinated, so Henry of Navarre took the throne under the name Henry IV

Question 18

Edict of Nantes

Answer 18

Passed by Henry VI/of Navarre, which established France as Catholic while also providing the Huguenot freedom to worship without harassment, allowing much religious toleration

Question 19

30 Years War

Answer 19

Caused by the actions of Emperor Ferdinand II that forced Protestants into Catholicism

Question 20

Four Phases of 30 Years War

Answer 20

1. Bohemian (small, localized, re-established Catholicism in some German states)
2. Danish (King of Denmark v. Catholics; Denmark lost)
3. Swedish (war growing past HRE borders, victories won for Protestants by Adolphus of Sweden)
4. French (used as an excuse to fight Habsburgs of Spain to assure no rebound from Protestant defeats)

Question 21

Peace of Westphalia

Answer 21

Settled the 30 Years’ War, marked the end of European religious wars and Christendom, hastened the decline of the HRE

Question 22

What was the Catholic Reformation in response to?

Answer 22

The criticisms of Protestant reformers like Luther and Calvin, and to regain followers and power

Question 23

Council of Trent

Answer 23

Without a doubt the most significant act of the Catholic Reformation; meant to reform the Catholic Church and form reconciliation with the Protestants, succeeding slightly on the former but failed miserably on the latter

Question 24

Jesuits

Answer 24

Founded by Igantius of Loyola for the purpose of spiritual renewal; they took monk-like vows; were missionaries to many nations including their own; responsible for many southern provinces of HRE returning to Catholicism

Question 25

What caused societal and political changes in the 16th century?

Answer 25

The Protestant Reformation

Question 26

Main changes in society and politics in the 16th century

Answer 26

Moving up status was now a possibility; “Querelles des Femmes”, or The Woman Question (debate on women’s rights) was a thing; a culture of leisure was on the rise; witch-hunting upheaval occurred

Question 27

Social Hiearchies

Answer 27

Men dominated society, politics and the household; your status depended on your religion, gender and born-into class

Question 28

Sides of the Querelles des Femmes

Answer 28

No: women were naturally inferior to men (Eve was the one who was tempted by the serpent, not Adam)
Yes: if women are inferior, it’s only because education has been withheld from them

Question 29

What was Carnival?

Answer 29

Think 16th century version of Mardi Gras; festival held right before Lent; in order to keep everyone in line, local church authorities held certain punishments like flogging and/or being held in the stocks

Question 30

Witchcraft

Answer 30

According to Protestant and Catholic leaders alike, witchcraft was evidence of a pact with the devil, and thus ought to be feared and extinguished; ¾ of the executions occurred in the HRE, most likely in an attempt to regain some control over their lives by scapegoating women as witches

Question 31

Mannerism and Baroque Art

Answer 31

Employed distortion, detail, large musculature and vibrant colors to evoke emotion