Unit 2 Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
The Smallest until that shows the properties of life, which means it has a capacity for metabolism, homeostasis, growth, and reproduction
A
cell
2
Q
Type of cell that starts life with a nucleus
A
eukaryotic cell
3
Q
Smaller and simpler, has no nucleus
A
prokaryotic cell
4
Q
The cells outer membrane
A
plasma membrane
5
Q
Double-membraned sac holds a eukaryotic cells DNA
A
nucleus
6
Q
In prokaryotic cell, region of cytoplasm where DNA is concentrated
A
nucleoid
7
Q
a semifluid mixture of water, sugars, ions, and proteins between the plasma membrane and the region of DNA
A
cytoplasm
8
Q
Structures on which proteins are built, are suspended in cytoplasm
A
ribosomes
9
Q
Physical relationship, strongly influences cell size and shape
A
surface-to-volume ratio
10
Q
A double layer of lipids organized so that their hydrophobic tails are sandwiched between their hydrophilic heads
A
lipid bilayer
11
Q
Surrounds the plasma membrane of nearly all prokaryotes
A
Cell wall
12
Q
Slender cellular structures used for motion
A
Flagella/cilia
13
Q
Project from the surface for some bacteria species, helps cling or move across surfaces
A
pili
14
Q
Single-celled organisms live in a shared mass of slime
A
biofilm
15
Q
A structure that carries out a specialized function inside a cell
A
organelle
16
Q
Consists of two lipid bilayers folded together as a single membrane
A
Nuclear envelope
17
Q
A viscous fluid similar to cytoplasm
A
nucleoplasm
18
Q
irregularly shaped region where subunits of ribosomes are assembled from proteins and RNA
A
nucleolus
19
Q
The names for all DNA, together with its associated proteins, in the nucleus
A
chromatin
20
Q
Each molecule of DNA, together with its many attached proteins
A
chromosome
21
Q
an extension of the nuclear envelope, lipid and protein synthesis
A
ER, Smooth and Rough ER
22
Q
Contains enzymes that digest fatty acids and amino acids
A
peroxisomes
23
Q
isolate and dispose of waste, debris, or toxic materials
A
Vacuole
24
Q
puts finishing touches on proteins and lipids, sorts and packages them into vesicles to carry them to the cell membrane
A
golgi body
25
Vesicles that contain powerful digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
26
Specializes in making ATP
mitochondria
27
Membrane-enclosed organelles that function in photosynthesis or storage in plants and algal cells
Plastid
28
Organelles that are specialized for photosynthesis
choloroplast
29
Keeps plant cell and structures firm
central vacuole
30
Complex mixture of fibrous proteins an polysaccharides so secreted by cells,and varies with the type of tissue
extra cellular matrix
31
Structures that connect a cell to other cells and to the environment
Cell junction
32
An interconnected system of many protein filaments between the nucleus and plasma membrane
cytoskleton
33
Are long, hollow cylinders that consisted of subunits of the protein tubulin
microtubules
34
Are fibers that consists primarily of subunits of the globular proteins actin
microfilaments
35
A barrel shaped structure that plays a role in microtubule formation in cilia, flagella, and eukaryotic spindles
centriole
36
Functions as "false feet"
pseudopod
37
A cell membrane has a mixed composition(mosaic) of lipids and proteins, the interactions and motions of which impart fluidity to it
fluid mosaic model
38
Protein or RNA that catalyzes(speeds) a reaction without being changed by it
Enzymes
39
proteins that fasten cells to other cells and to ECM in animals tissues
adhesion proteins
40
Proteins that function as unique identity tags for each individual or species
Recognition proteins
41
Proteins that bind to a particular substance outside the cell, such as a hormone
receptor proteins
42
Are integral membrane proteins that move specific ions or molecules across a lipid bilayer
transport proteins
43
The membrane allows some substance but not others to cross it
selective permeability
44
Is the number of molecules or ions of a substance per unit volume of fluid
concentration
45
A difference in concentration between two adjacent regions
concentration gradient
46
Is the net or overall movement of molecules or ions down a concentration gradient
diffusion
47
A concentration gradient drives that diffusion of a solute across a cell membrane
passive transport
48
Movement of substances against the concentration gradient using energy (ATP).
active transport
49
Are active transporters that move calcium ions across muscle cell membranes
calcium pump
50
Move two substances at the same time
Cotransporter
51
A vesicle that moves to the cell surface to leave the cell
exocytosis
52
A cell that engulfs a substance to be inside the cell
endocytosis
53
Is an endocytic pathway - cell eating
phagocytosis
54
Water molecules tend to diffuse in response to their own concentration gradient
osmosis
55
A fluid with a low solute concentration relative to another fluid
hypotonic
56
A fluid with a higher solute concentration
hypertonic
57
Two fluids withs the same solute concentration
isotonic
58
Pressure that a volume of fluid exerts against a cell wall, membrane, tube, or anybody structure that holds
hydrostatic pressure
59
The amount of hydrostatic pressure that can stop water from diffusing into cytoplasmic fluid or other hypertonic solution
osmotic pressure
60
a nuclear division mechanism that occurs in the somatic cells(body cells) of multicellular eukaryotes (asexual reproduction) 2 identical cells
mitosis
61
a nuclear division mechanism that precedes the formation of gametes or spores, and it is the basis of sexual reproduction (4 non-identical cells)
meiosis
62
Two molecules of DNA stay attached as a single chromosome until late in the nuclear division
sister chromatid
63
A double stranded DNA molecule winds twice around "spools" of proteins
histone
64
The smallest unit of structural organization in eukaryotic chromosomes
nucleosome
65
The region where sister chromatids constrict where they attach to one another
centromere
66
The life of a cell passes through a sequence of events between each cell division
Cell cycle
67
A cell copies all of its DNA before it divides
DNA replication
68
Consists of G1, S, and G2 phases, and includes the replication of DNA
interphase
69
Is the sum of all chromosomes in a cell of a given type
chromosome number
70
Describes a cell that has two copies of each chromosome
Diploid
71
A dynamic network of microtubules that is responsible in the separation of sister chromatids during mitosis
biopolar spindle
72
Chromosomes condense and become visible
Prophase
73
The alignment of the chromosomes at the midline
Metaphase
74
The interval when sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and move toward opposite spindle poles
Anaphase
75
The two clusters of chromosomes reach the spindle poles, creating a cleavage furrow.
Telophase
76
Cytoplasmic division -divides cell organelles throughout the cytoplasm
cytokinesis
77
Is anchored to the plasma membrane
contractile ring
78
Vesicles and their wall building contents fuse into disk shaped structures
Cell plate
79
Active genes that stimulate cells to grow and divide
Growth factors
80
An abnormal mass in the surrounding tissues
Tumor
81
Abnormal masses of cells that lost control over how they grow and divide
Neoplasms
82
When the abnormally dividing cells of a malignant neoplasm disrupt body tissues, physically and metabolically
Cancer
83
Regions in DNA that encodes information about traits
Genes
84
One parent produces offspring, so all of its offspring inherit the same number and kinds of genes
Asexual reproduction
85
Genetically identical copies of the parent
Clone
86
The process involving meiosis, formation of mature reproductive cells, and fertilization
Sexual reproduction
87
Different forms of a gene
Allele
88
Chromosomes have the same length, shape, and collection of genes
Homologous
89
Immature reproduced cells
Germ cells
90
Mature reproductive cells
Gametes
91
Single set of chromosomes
Haploid
92
The first cell of a new individual
Zygote
93
The process by which a chromosome and its homologous partner exchange corresponding segments
Crossing over
94
Are diploid spores form by meiosis in their specialized parts
sporophytes
95
A multi celled haploid body inside which one or more gametes form
gametophytes
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Spermatid mature as a male gamete
Sperm
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Matured female gamete, also known as ovum
Egg
98
The fusion of two gametes produces a zygote
Fertilization
99
Discovered cells by observing cork under a microscope.
Robert Hooke
100
Improved microscopes and observed the first living cells (bacteria, protozoa).
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
101
Cell Theory
• All living things are made of cells.
• Cells are the basic unit of structure and function.
• All cells come from pre-existing cells.
102
Phospholipid bilayer with proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.
Cell Membrane Composition
103
use light, lower magnification, view live specimens.
Light microscopes
104
use electron beams, higher magnification, view non-living specimens.
Electron microscopes
105
Composed of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, forming a barrier.
Phospholipid Bilayer
106
Parts of a Phospholipid
Head (phosphate group, hydrophilic), Tail (fatty acid chains, hydrophobic).
107
Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy.
Simple Diffusion
108
Passive transport through proteins for large or polar molecules.
Facilitated Diffusion
109
Movement of water across a membrane from low to high solute concentration.
Osmosis
110
Bulk Flow
Movement of fluids with suspended substances in bulk, such as blood flow.
111
Pure water with no dissolved solutes.
Distilled Water
112
TEM(Transmission Electron Microscope)
Used for internal structures
113
SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope)
Used for surface details
114
Phagocytosis
Process where a cell engulfs large particles or other cells.
115
cell bursts in hypotonic solution
Lysis
116
cell shrinks in hypertonic solution
Crenation
117
pressure of the cell membrane against the cell wall in plant cells.
Turgor Pressure
118
First immortal human cell line; crucial for research on cancer, vaccines, and more.
HeLa Cells
119
DNA Structure
DNA is a double helix made of nucleotides that codes for proteins.
120
Process that produces haploid gametes with genetic diversity.
Meiosis
121
Identical copies of a chromosome connected by a centromere.
Sister Chromatids
122
DNA in a Duplicated Chromosome
Two copies (sister chromatids).
123
Cell Cycle
G1: growth, S: DNA replication, G2: preparation for mitosis, (PMAT)
124
Cell Division in Life
Cells divide during growth and healing; stop in adulthood, except for skin, gut, and blood cells.
125
Cell with two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
Diploid
126
Prophase
Chromosomes pair up
127
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up at equator
128
Anaphase
Sister chromatids pulled apart
129
Telophase
cell pinches in the middle (cleavage furrow)
130
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm, forming two daughter cells.
131
Uncontrolled cell growth forming a mass.
Tumor
132
Non-cancerous tumor that doesn’t spread.
Benign
133
Cancerous tumor that spreads and can be deadly
malignant
134
Reduces chromosome number by half, creating genetic diversity.
Meiosis
135
Produces genetically identical offspring (low variability).
Asexual Reproduction and Low-Genetic Variability (Mitosis)
136
Reproductive Parts of a Flower
Stamens (male), pistils (female).
137
Human Reproductive Cells
Sperm (male) and egg (female).
138
Variant form of a gene.
Allele
139
Identical halves of a duplicated chromosome.
Sister Chromatid
140
One half of a duplicated chromosome.
Chromatid
141
Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
Crossing-over
142
Chromosomes with the same genes, one from each parent.
Homologous
143
Occurs in prophase I of meiosis.
Crossing-over
144
Small cell produced in meiosis in females; usually non-functional.
Polar Body
145
Fate of Polar Bodies
They usually degenerate
146
Immature sperm cell formed in meiosis.
Spermatid
