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Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first and foremost important solution to prevent biodiversity loss?

A

Biodiversity Conservation

This involves implementing adequate conservation strategies to protect species at risk of extinction.

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2
Q

What must be monitored and controlled to address threats to biodiversity?

A

Problems and threats faced by biodiversity

This responsibility falls on both government and private agencies.

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3
Q

What is one way to control biodiversity depletion?

A

Prevent Introduction of Invasive Species

Ensuring that invasive species do not enter native habitats is crucial.

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4
Q

How can biodiversity loss be prevented or reduced?

A

Habitat Restoration

Restoring natural habitats is essential for maintaining biodiversity.

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5
Q

Who can be active participants in reforestation efforts?

A

People, communities, schools, governments, and organizations

These groups can engage in replanting and reforestation activities.

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6
Q

What role do sensitization and educative campaigns play in biodiversity conservation?

A

They create awareness about the causes, effects, and counteractions against deforestation

Initiating awareness is vital for community involvement.

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7
Q

What is necessary for stopping deforestation and preserving natural vegetation?

A

Rules, laws, and regulations

These measures are essential for enforcing forest preservation policies.

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8
Q

What are the main abiotic factors of the environment?

A

Physical factors, Edaphic factors, Chemical factors

Includes climatic factors like solar radiation, soil quality, and chemical composition of soil.

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9
Q

What is a species defined by?

A

Genetic similarity and the ability to interbreed producing fertile offspring

Each species consists of individuals with shared genetic traits.

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10
Q

What does the atmosphere do?

A

Sustains life, protects from outer space, absorbs cosmic rays and electromagnetic radiation

It is composed of nitrogen, oxygen, and other gases.

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11
Q

What comprises the hydrosphere?

A

All types of water resources like oceans, lakes, rivers, and glaciers

97% of Earth’s water is in oceans; only about 1% is fresh water.

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12
Q

What does the lithosphere include?

A

The solid part of Earth’s crust, including rocks, minerals, and soil

The mantle lies below the crust.

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13
Q

Define the biosphere.

A

The life-supporting environment of Earth where ecosystems exist and interact

It includes interactions among atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere.

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14
Q

What are some common environmental problems?

A

Growing population, poverty, deforestation, loss of biodiversity, pollution, global warming

These issues arise from urbanization, industrial growth, and waste disposal.

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15
Q

What is one solution to combat global warming?

A

Use of Renewable Energies

Moving away from fossil fuels to alternatives like solar and wind energy.

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16
Q

What is essential for reducing energy and water consumption?

A

Energy & Water Efficiency

Using efficient devices like LED bulbs can significantly lower consumption.

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17
Q

What promotes sustainable transportation?

A

Public transportation, carpooling, electric and hydrogen mobility

These methods help reduce CO2 emissions.

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18
Q

What is necessary for sustainable infrastructure?

A

Building low-energy buildings and renovating existing constructions

This reduces CO2 emissions from buildings.

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19
Q

What does sustainable agriculture prioritize?

A

Better use of natural resources, stopping deforestation, and making agriculture greener

Efficiency in agriculture is key to sustainability.

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20
Q

What are the 3 R’s in responsible consumption?

A

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

These principles are vital for effective waste management.

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21
Q

What can help reduce plastic waste?

A

Avoiding Single Use Plastics

Substituting disposable items with durable options is beneficial.

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22
Q

What is one way to reduce food waste?

A

Keeping track of food, planning meals, and proper storage

Approximately one-third of food produced for consumption is wasted.

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23
Q

What is defined as the sum total of all factors surrounding a living being?

A

Environment

Derived from the French word ‘environ’, it includes social, economic, and biological factors.

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24
Q

What is the scope of environmental science?

A

Health services, conservation of natural resources, pollution control, environmental management

It encompasses various fields such as chemistry, biology, and public health.

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25
Who led the Bishnoi Movement and in what year did it occur?
Amrita Devi in 1730 ## Footnote The movement focused on the protection of forests in Khejarli village of Jodhpur.
26
What unique strategy was developed during the Bishnoi Movement for tree protection?
Hugging or embracing the trees ## Footnote This strategy was spontaneous and aimed at protecting forests.
27
What award was created in 2001 to recognize contributions to environmental conservation?
Amrita Devi Bishnoi Wildlife Protection Award ## Footnote This award honors individuals who have made significant efforts in wildlife conservation.
28
What is the primary focus of the Chipko Movement?
Embracing trees to resist their felling ## Footnote Initiated by Chandi Prasad Bhatt in 1973, it highlighted environmental issues in the Alaknanda catchment area.
29
What was the main demand of the protests against colonial forest policy in India during the early 20th century?
Benefits of forests, especially the right to fodder, should go to local people ## Footnote These protests laid the groundwork for future environmental movements.
30
What are the key objectives of the Forest Act 1927?
Objectives include: * Setting up reserved and protected forests * Protection of non-government forests * Control of movement of forest produce * Control of cattle grazing ## Footnote This act consolidates laws related to forests in India.
31
What does the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 aim to achieve?
Protection of wild animals, birds, and plants ## Footnote It includes restrictions on hunting and the establishment of sanctuaries.
32
What is the goal of social forestry?
To plant trees on unused and fallow land ## Footnote This aims to reduce pressure on existing forests by providing fuelwood and fodder.
33
Define agro-forestry.
Growing woody species in combination with herbaceous crops ## Footnote This can occur simultaneously or in sequence, as seen in systems like taungya.
34
What are the two main types of forestry practices integrated for forest conservation?
Protection or conservation forestry and production or commercial forestry ## Footnote These practices aim to maintain ecological balance while fulfilling commercial demands.
35
True or False: Tribals and forest dwellers are often blamed for deforestation.
True ## Footnote This is due to misconceptions about their agricultural practices and dependence on forests.
36
What are the main causes of deforestation in tropical regions?
Causes include: * Expansion of agriculture * Urbanization * Industrialization * Excessive timber and fuelwood use * Cattle grazing ## Footnote The tropical regions have lost more than 40% of their forest cover.
37
What are some effects of deforestation?
Effects include: * Increased soil erosion * Decreased soil fertility * Formation of deserts in drier areas * Extinction of species * Climate change ## Footnote Deforestation threatens the survival of native people and ecosystems.
38
What was the average deforestation rate in India between 2015 and 2020?
668,400 hectares ## Footnote India ranked second in deforestation rates globally during this period.
39
What is the principal aim of the National Forest Policy of 1988?
To regulate the use of forest land and ensure environmental stability ## Footnote It emphasizes ecological balance over direct economic benefits.
40
What event in 1972 marked a significant international focus on environmental issues?
United Nations Conference on Human Environment in Stockholm ## Footnote This conference highlighted the growing environmental crisis globally.
41
What was the outcome of the Chipko Movement in 1980?
Ban on commercial felling in Uttarakhand Himalayas for 15 years ## Footnote This movement led to significant legislative and environmental changes.
42
What is the Appiko Movement known for?
Protection of trees in Karnataka through embracing them ## Footnote It was inspired by the Chipko Movement and successfully changed government policies.
43
What ecological impact did the proposed Narmada River Valley Project have?
Displacement of 1.5 million people and submergence of large areas of forest and agricultural land ## Footnote This project faced significant opposition from environmental activists.
44
What did the Silent Valley Movement aim to prevent?
Construction of a hydroelectric dam threatening the rainforest ## Footnote This area is known for its rich biodiversity and endangered species.
45
What is the Silent Valley Movement?
A protest against a proposed hydroelectric dam in Silent Valley, Kerala, aimed at protecting the rainforest and endangered species ## Footnote The movement led to the establishment of Silent Valley National Park in 1985.
46
When did the Tehri Dam conflict begin and end?
1978 to 2006 ## Footnote The conflict arose due to the dam's displacement of villages and environmental concerns.
47
What is the height of the Tehri Dam?
260.5 meters
48
What was the intended power generation capacity of the Tehri Dam?
2,400 MW
49
How many villages were displaced by the Tehri Dam?
40 villages
50
What is 'Van Mahotsav'?
A week-long annual tree-planting festival celebrated in India during the first week of July ## Footnote The name translates to 'Forest Festival'.
51
What is the total forest cover in India as of 2021?
80.9 million hectares
52
What percentage of India's total geographical area is covered by forest?
21.71 percent
53
What is the optimum forest area recommended by the National Forest Policy (1988) for plains?
33 percent
54
What is the per capita forest area available in India?
0.06 ha
55
What are renewable resources?
Resources that can be replenished through rapid natural cycles, such as plants and animals ## Footnote Examples include crops, forests, and water.
56
What are non-renewable resources?
Resources that cannot be replenished through natural processes, such as fossil fuels and minerals ## Footnote Once consumed, non-renewable resources are gone forever.
57
List the principal natural resources that contribute significantly to human welfare.
* Forests * Water * Minerals * Food * Energy * Land
58
What are the three key functions of forests?
* Productive functions * Protective functions * Regulative functions
59
According to Odum (1971), how can natural resources be classified?
Based on their exhaustibility and renewability ## Footnote This includes categories like inexhaustible and exhaustible resources.
60
What is a natural resource?
Any component of the natural environment that can be utilized by man to promote welfare ## Footnote Examples include land, soil, water, and forests.
61
What is the definition of a natural resource according to Ramade (1984)?
A form of energy and/or matter essential for the functioning of organisms, populations, and ecosystems.
62
What is the classification of resources based on their location, quantity, and quality?
Natural resources vary greatly in their location, quantity, and quality.
63
What is the status of forest cover in terms of density in India?
Less than two-thirds are dense forests; the rest are open degraded forests.
64
What is the significance of forests in terms of biodiversity?
Forests are storehouses of biodiversity and provide important environmental services.

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