unit 2 Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
neuron anatomy
A
dendrites, soma, axon
2
Q
myelin sheath
A
cover axons
3
Q
nodes of ranvier
A
gaps between myelin
4
Q
dendrites are stimulated by
A
neurotransmitters
5
Q
action potential
A
travels down neuron
6
Q
terminal button
A
end of signal
7
Q
synapse
A
space between neurons
8
Q
cell signaling
A
neurotransmitters
vesicles
stimulate the next neuron
9
Q
cell signaling: formation
A
lock and key
10
Q
cell signaling: stimulation
A
action potential
reuptake
11
Q
neurogenesis
A
formation and migration of new neurons
12
Q
synaptogenesis
A
formation of new synapses between axons and dendrites
13
Q
myelination
A
development of fatty sheath on axon
14
Q
synaptic pruning
A
elimination of unnecessary synapses
15
Q
four mechanisms for development
A
neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, myelination, synaptic pruning
16
Q
plasticity
A
capacity of the brain to be affected by experience
17
Q
experience-dependent plasticity
A
certain experiences are unnecessary for typical development but humans benefit from them
18
Q
experience-dependent plasticity: timing is
A
less important
19
Q
topographic map
A
representation that preserves the surface structures and relations between its elements
20
Q
experience-expectant plasticity
A
certain experiences are “expected” and necessary for typical development
21
Q
experience-expectant plasticity: timing is
A
not important
22
Q
experience-expectant plasticity: experiences occurring outside of sensitive periods are
A
less likely to influence brain development
23
Q
developmental mechanisms creates
A
a plastic brain that expects and depends on experience
24
Q
sensation
A
processing basic information from the world via sense organs and brain
25
perception
organizing and interpreting sensory information
26
sight is the ___, vision is the ___
sensation, perception
27
taste is a ___ sense, smell is a ____ sense
contact, distance
28
taste and smell are both ___ senses
chemical
29
touch is a ____ sense
pressure and temp
30
hearing is
pressure waves caused by vibrations
31
vision is
processing light
32
development of perceptual systems
tactile, vestibular, auditory, visual
33
tactile develop
50 days from conception
34
vestibular develop
100 days from conception
35
auditory develop
150 days from conception
36
visual develop
180 days from conception
37
most sensitive parts of body
hands, face
38
least sensitive parts of body
back, torso
39
two point acuity test
as you age the test field gets larger
40
you are less sensitive with age because
receptors die
beat up
skin becomes looser
41
many sounds are
audible
42
what can fetus hear in womb
voices, digestion, Orans
43
clearest sounds in womb
cadence, intonation and stress patterns of mom's speech
44
vascular membrane is like
rubber band
45
___ frequency sounds are the first to go
higher
46
foods eaten by mom affects
smell and taste of amniotic fluid
47
amniotic fluid comes in contact with fetus'
olfactory and taste buds
48
fetus have preference for
sweet
49
how many different smells
10,000
50
tastebuds last
10 days
51
after the visual system develops, fetus can detect
presence of strong light
52
visual acuity
ability to see detail
53
when you are born all you an see is
light and dark, blobs
54
1 month milestone
chin up
55
2 month milestone
chest up
56
3 month milestone
reach for object, usually miss
57
4 month milestone
sit with support
58
5 month milestone
grasp object
59
6 month milestone
sit easily in high chair, reach for dangling objects
60
7 month milestone
sit alone
61
8 month milestone
get self into sitting position
62
9 month milestones (2)
stand holding furniture, crawl on stomach
63
10 month milestones (2)
walks if both hands are held, creeps on hands and knees
64
11 month milestone
stand alone
65
12 month milestone
walks when led by hand
66
13 month milestone
walk alone
67
18 month milestone
up and down stairs
68
Gessel study participants
500 children rom New Haven
British or German background
2 parent biological household
middle SES
69
Gesell study task
play with object record behavior
70
derived developmental norms
average age at which children achieve various motor skillsd
71
development is due to biological aging processes
maturation theory
72
maturation theory implies that
learning or experience does not affect development
73
gessell study problems
cant generalize to different populations
74
______ can affect motor development
experience and learning
75
experiences can affect ___ of motor abilities
timing
76
when Caribbean families move to the UK, milestones resemble
british babies
77
differences are not genetic due to
cultural practices and expectations for babies' motor abilities
78
SIDS correlated with
prone sleeping and breathing
79
safe to sleep decreased SIDS by
50%
80
consequence of "back to sleep"
infants rarely spend time on their stomachs even when awake
81
___% of 6 month olds score below typical cut-off for motor delay
22
82
____can affect motor knowledge
experience
83
experience matters more than
age
84
each posture =
unique perceptual motor system
85
if sitting helps crawling then
experience isn't very important
86
if sitting does not help crawling then
experience is very important
87
motor knowledge is learned
posture by posture
88
knowledge about sitting does not automatically lead to
knowledge about crawling
89
_____ and ____ support the development of motor skills
perceptual skills, learning
90
motor development influenced by
nature and nurture
91
experience is necessary to integrate
perception and action
92
Caribbean children ___ and ___ earlier than US children
sit, walk
93
caribbean children sit first because
train to sit
94
caribbean children walk first because
train to walk
95
US children crawl earlier because
discourage
96
carribean children are trained to walk and sit earlier because
societal norms
large families (grandparents, aunts, uncles, live in the same house) so there is more help at earlier ages
97
crawling is "backward" development between US and Caribbean because
US: crawling as a milestone and encourage crawling
Caribbean: crawling is seen as a dirty thing, discourage
98
in the caribbean when a baby starts to crawl what to the parents do
pick the baby up and make them walk
99
the difference in US and Caribbean milestones tells us
experience matters, is important
not genetic
100
single cell to ___ cells
one hundred trillion
101
chemical instructions for building our bodies
DNA
102
bacterium clones
exact copies
103
men churn out ____ sperm everyday and more than ____ over a lifetime
hundred million, two trillion
104
in almost every cell of your body you have ____ or more different genes
30,000
105
long strands of DNA
chromosomes
106
most cells have two versions of every gene for a total of ___ chromosomes
46
107
how genes split
meiosis
108
inside testicles that make sperm
make copy, attached at one point
coincide, creating X
partners come together, embrace
cling and exchange material
divide 2 times
final result, sperm with 23 chromosomes
109
women's eggs are created
as a fetus in the womb
110
___ million sperm are released
300 million
111
fertilization
sperm meets egg
112
to fertilize the egg, the sperm must
break through zona
113
zygote
sperm fertilizes egg
114
more than ___% of all fertilized eggs fail to develop viably
50
115
the zygote must complete the right amount of divisions before they
arrive in the uterus
116
blastocyte
zygote after dividing multiple times and attaching to uterine wall
117
what does the immune system do to zygote/blastocyte
try to get rid of it
118
3 weeks after fertilization the ___ is in place
neural tube
119
a couple days after the neural tube is in place
top bulges, brain
120
as the days pass cells continue to multiply through
mitosis
121
the cell divides, forming ___, ___, ____, ____, ____
blood vessels, heart beat, backbone, arms/legs, eyes
122
embryo
different organs and tissues coming together
123
how does the embryo transform itself from a blob of cells into different tissues and organs and finally into a fully functional baby
cell differentiation, DNA
124
how does the cell turn on the right set of genes and create the right proteins
cells know exactly where they are and what they are supposed to become
125
two months after fertilization the embryo is now called
fetus
126
determines sex
one pair of chromosomes
127
the whole fetus is just over __ inches and weighs less than ___oz
1, 1/3 oz
128
over the next 6.5 months the fetus will grow ___ times larger
400
129
external factors that could cause issues with development
teratogens
130
teratogens affect
sensitive periods of vulnerability
131
biggest periods of vulnerability to teratogens ___ weeks
16
132
inside the womb the ____ are the most dramatic
first few weeks
133
later in pregnancy when the mothers body seems to be changing the most, life in the womb is
uneventful
134
fat deposits are forming, building
nerves
135
fat is getting laid down in the brain
myelination
136
human birth is far more dangerous than any other mammal because
head size, hip location, contortions through narrow opening
