unit 2 Flashcards
(31 cards)
when did ghandi join congress
-ghandi returned from south africa in 1914 and was advised to keep a low profile
-he started to intervene in local situations e.g fasting against low wafes in a Gujarat cotton mill
-during war he built up relationships who would become his allies (e.g Nehru)
-muslimds supported his takeover from congress
The Lucknow pact and jinnahs role
-despite the fact that the muslim league started off as an anti-congress body, they worked togethr in the lucknow pact
-The muslim league and congress reached an agreement at a joint meeting in Lucknow in 1916 about self government: separate electorates for all communities unless they requested a joint one, and provincial legislatures would be laid down province by province
-jinnah was uneasy about the sense of islamic identity separate electorates gave people
MUSLIM MOTIVES
-believed the annulment of the partition of bengal meant british were no longer sympathetic to seperate electorates
-declaration of war on turkey in 1914 created resentment in muslims
what were the HOME RULE LEAGUES and when were they set up
-1916 (PROMPTED DUE TO DISCONTENT WITH WAR)
-brought ordinary Indians into national movement
-Tilak’s home rule leagues operated in Western India and grew to 32,000 membership rapidly
-annie besants all india league grew more sloly but steadily
the desire for home rule didn’t mean separatism but control of domestic affairs
-both people toured the country giving lectures, speeches, newspapers, rallies etc
-Support for the leagues became cross community- Jinnah joined Annie Bessants in 1917
-IMPORTANTLy spread political awareness to aploitical areas
-national cause helped when both were arrested
what was ghandi’s response to the Amritsar massacre?
called a satyagraha against the massacre and rowlatt acts in April 1919 and the civil disobedience campaign
-saw success in Bihar and Gujarat
-hartals were held across india
-violence erupted in Punjab and Gujarat and ghandi called off satyagraha as it was no longer peaceful
what were Gandhi’s beliefs
advocated for Non violent protest- stayagrahas
-hated the term passive resistence: wanted non violence but active non-cooperation
-traditional/ simple living rejecting western technology
-adopted peasent lifestyle, spun his own cloth and chakra like peasents. walked alomost everywhere, didnt wear western suits, wore traditionl garments
-believed in self rule (swaraj) because of Amritsar massacre and rowlatt acts believing Britain did not have to moral right to rule in India
w did ghandi emerge as leader of congress?
-had few rivals as Tilak died in 1920 and Besant fizzled out in significance
-had support from people he had supported in past local disputes
-developed the idea of swarm beacause of:
-the rowlatt acts
-violence of amiritsar massacre
outcomes of the paris peace conference concerning Muslims
What was the NON-COOPERATION CAMPAIGN from 1920-22
-1920-22
-aimed to make India ungovernable, made by Gandhi. thought that raj would collapse within a year of non-cooperation
-gandi persuaded deligates in congress meeting in Nagpur 1920 to vote for his policy of non- cooperation
-he was worried this satyagraha would descend into violence like his 1919 rowlatt acts and amiritsar massacre one
FEATURES
-boycotting elections to the new assemblies
-removing children from schools
-refusing to attend events organised by the raj
-boycotting the courts
-witholding taxes
-refusing to buy imported goods
-leaving gov posts
on cooperation campaign 1920-22 satyagraha consequences
-some of the demands were unrealistic- those with lucrative jobs didnt want to lose them and parents wanted educaion for their children. however non payment of texes was effective
-some Indians didn’t understand the non violence of satyagraha
-hartal in bombay descended into days of rioting and looting leaving 53 dead
-muslims declared a jihad in Malaba killing Europeans and forcing conversions to islam
-congress supporters torched a police station in Gorakhpur killing 22 Indian policemen
-gandhi retreated and called off satyagraha
-arrested to 6 years immprisonment
-he didn’t give up on the satyagraha method
-the satyagraha did bring affluent congress members closer with peasants meaning there was success in slightly uniting castes
what happened in India during Gandhi’s imprisonment
-he was released January 1924
-congress became involved in peasant communities
-congress had goal of swaraj (self governance)
-leadership of congress passed to moderates (Nehru) who took advantage of the 1919 GOI act
-raj tried to balance making concessions with India with retaining control (vaccinated against smallpox and supported local assemblies)
what happened to congress’s membership during the non cooperation campaign (DURING GANDHI’S CENTRAL INFLUENCE)
membership rocketed from 100,000 to 2 million
-HOWEVER more conservative members left the party as they thought it had become a group of defiance rather than a pressure group
-muslims left as Gandhi failed to support them in the fall of the ottoman sultan
-support for congress spread geographically into new reigions f india
What happened to congress’s organisation during Gandhi’s influence
originally organised into local branches, provincial committees and an all India congress committee (AICC)
-gandhi expanded the AICC and reallocated seats based on regions populations
recruited commitee members from groups like women
-when gandhi got out of prison he set up a new unit in the AICC called the CWC- CONGRESS WORKING COMMITTEE to formulate policy, like a cabinet for a gov
what did gandhi do within congress when he got out of prison in 1924
-set up CWC (congress working committee)
-set up the all indian spinners association to improve home spinning and general self-sufficiency
BACK TO BASICS
-seemingly abandoned non cooperation and persuaded congress to embark on campaigns for literacy, sanitation and equality for untouchables
what were the ‘young hooligans’ and what was the influence they had upon congress
young hooligans were: BOSE, NARAYAN, and NEHRU
-they wanted immediate action for full independence (IE not dominion status)
-they were socialists AND heavily anti-imperialists
bose characteristics
-Anti British and militant in ideas
-imprisoned 11 times for terrorist activities
nayaran characteristics
-originally supported violence to gain swaraj
what was the Nehru report and when did it happen?
-1928
-nehru and sapru complied a draft constitution for India at a conference in 1928 advocating for dominion status (largely self governance) along the lines of British white colonies
-it suggested a ‘federation of india’ including the princley states (states ruled by local rulers of different ethnic backgrounds)
-rejected separate electorates, to keep power in the hands of the hindu’s, muslims unhappy with Nehru report
what was the Lahore congress and when did it happen
-1929
- congress’s meeting in Lahore
-The Lahore Congress of 1929 advocated for full Swaraj, supporting radical positions
-gandhi backed the radicals and steered the policy of purna swaraj through congresses committees. the working committee left gandhi to control the campaign
what was the salt satyagraha/march and when did it happen?
1930
-1930 Gandhi’s Salt March of 1930 protested against British salt taxes, galvanizing Indian resistance.
-walked 240 miles to sea, supporters walked with him including untouchables at his request
-the participants were meant to conform to the non violent rules of a satyagraha and spin cloth everyday
-press took photos spreading Gandhi’s message
-when gandhi reached the sea he picked up a grain of salt and called all supporters to do so (breaking the law)
-gandhi had a symbolic focus that: all Indians needed salt
what was the reaction and consequences of the salt satyagraha
Raj did not ignore the salt march and hundreds of peasants were arrested, as well as NEHRU and much of congress’s leadership
-gandhi arrested in may sending shock around inna sparking strikes and protests
-entire CWC arrested in June
what was the second phase off civil disobedience after Gandhis arrest due to salt march in 1930
-congress allowed its provincial bodies to organise satyagrahas, recommending a priority of; salt, boycott of foreign cloth, non payment of taxes and non cooperation when provinces tried to end the satyagraha
-every Provence was effected by civil disobedience by mid 1930’s and some attacked police/ authorities
-women became actively involved In civil disobedience for the first time.
-many went back to work as satyagrahas ran out of steam
-raj was more or less restored by 1931 but at a cost:
-60,000 in jail in that year
-viceroy Irwin had considered martial law but remembered the lesson of the Amritsar massacre and saw the use of the army as a failure
MUSLIM LEAGUE: what was the Khilafat movement and when was it?
-As indian muslims regarded the sultan of turkey as their spiritual leader (Caliph), the khilafat movement was set up to support the sultan and was spread through India using muslim symbols to unite the communities
-it legitimised muslim nationalism in India
-gandhi endorsed the movement whilst he had muslim support from 1920-22, then many muslims became uncomfortable with Gandhis involvement
-khilafat movement collapsed in 1924 as turkey became secular and rejected the caliphate
what was Jinnah’s attitude towards muslim support of gandhi from 1920-22
-gandhi had won support of muslims during his endorsement of the khalifat movemenrt
-jinnah felt left out in the cold feeling like gandhi was opportunistic and insincere
-jinnah opposed civil disobedience at congress in 1920
when was the re-emergence of muslim values?
-the congress muslim alliance after the Lucknow pact ended in 1922
-muslims drifted away from congress; the proportion of muslim delegates fell by about 2/3
-as muslims were left without a voice they felt like the congress no longer spoke for them, the khilafat movement collapsed in 1923 and the muslim league was a small organisation
-two movements called the TANZEEM and TABLIGH movements emerged in the 20’s .
-tanzeem focused on organisation whilst tabligh focused on religion; every town was to have an anjuman preaching, religious education and construction of mosques
-rising muslim vales created a divide and tension between hindu’s and muslims when they should have been united against the raj
-new importance of islamic values led to anti hindu tension among poor muslims
what were the effects of growing separatism like in the 1920’s
-separatism grew in the 20th century
-raj was neutral on religion
-local practices would cause tension (if hindus weren’t quiet during muslim prayer times and loud muslim festivals enraged muslims)
-cows ritually slaughtered in muslim tradition but sacred in hindu tradition, cow protection society set up
-muslims were irritated by loud hindu festivals like HOLI- NOISE, THROWING POWER, SOMETIMES DRUGS
-Hindu organisation ARYA SAMJ was active in muslim dominated northern india, trying to convert. they set up the cow protection, increasing tensions.
-hindus opposed seperate elctorates whilst muslims wanted them
-they felt increasingly threatened by eachother
