Unit 2 Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
What does an atom consist of?
A
Proton, neutrons, and electrons
2
Q
What is a proton?
A
Positively charged
Determines element
3
Q
What is the role of a neutron?
A
No charge
Determines isotope
4
Q
What do protons and neutrons have in common?
A
Mass of one atomic unit
5
Q
What is located in the nucleus
A
Proton
Neutron
6
Q
What is located outside of the nucleus
A
Electron
7
Q
What are Electrons?
A
Negative charge
Participates in chemical reactions
Determines chemical behavior
8
Q
What determines the type of atom?
A
The number of protons
9
Q
What is the atomic number
A
Number of protons in an atom
10
Q
Hydrogen has how many protons
A
1
11
Q
Carbon has how many protons
A
6
12
Q
What element has 7 protons
A
Nitrogen
13
Q
What is an element?
A
Atom with a set number of protons
14
Q
How many atoms make up an element
A
1
15
Q
What are element abbreviations like?
A
1-3 letter abbreviation
16
Q
Why do atoms usually have no charge?
A
they have the same number of protons and electrons
17
Q
Wha happens when an atom gains or loses electrons
A
Ion
18
Q
What is an Ion
A
An atom with a positive or negative charge
19
Q
Where are electrons found in an atom
A
Arranged around the nucleus in a specific order
20
Q
How do you calculate atomic mass
A
Adding the number of protons and neutrons
21
Q
What is the atomic number?
A
The number of protons in an atom
22
Q
How do you find the number of neutrons?
A
Subtract the atomic number from the atomic mass
23
Q
What makes atoms of the same element different from each other>
A
Different numbers of neutrons
24
Q
What are Isotopes
A
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
25
What stays the same in isotopes of an element?
Number of protons
26
What does the mass number of an isotope equal?
Protons + neutrons
27
What holds the nucleus of an atom together?
Binding energy
28
When atoms are the most stable?
When they have equal numbers of protons and neutrons
29
What is radioactive decay?
The breaking down of an unstable atomic nucleus, releasing energy and matter
30
What is a half-life?
The time it takes for half of the isotope to decrease by half
31
What does high specific activity mean?
The isotope decays quickly
32
What are elements made of?
Atoms
33
What defines an element
Its atomic number of protons
34
What does each element's box on the periodic table include
Atomic number
Symbol
Atomic mass
35
Why is atomic mass often a decimal?
Its the average of all the elements isotopes
36
What are elements properties based on?
It's Electrons
37
Which two elements are found in all organic molecules?
Carbon and hydrogen
38
What elements are important in living organisms
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Nitrogen
Potassium
Calcium
Chlorine
Magnesium
Sodium
Iron
39
Why is carbon important in biology?
It can form 4 bonds and create many different molecules
40
How are carbon electrons arranged in shells
2 in the first shell, 4 in the second
41
What is the octet rule?
Atoms want 8 electrons in their outer shell
42
How does carbon satisfy the octet rule
By sharing its 4 outer electrons through bonding
43
What is an example of a molecule carbon forms?
Methane, where carbon bonds with 4 hydrogen atoms
44
What are Molecules
Group of atoms held together by bonds
45
What are 3 main types of bonds between atoms?
Covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds
46
What is an ionic bond?
A bond where electrons are gained or lost
47
What is a covalent bond
A bond where electrons are shared
48
What is covalent bond?
Electron is shared between 2 atoms
49
What non polar covalent bond and what does it satisfy?
Elements are shared evenly
Satisfies the octo rule
50
What is Polar Covalent bond and what does sit satisfy?
Electrons are shared unevenly
51
What is Hydrogen?
Formed between a hydrogen stem in one molecule and a hydrogen in another atom
52
What bond is the weakest and is an exception to the octet rule? Explain why?
Hydrogen and wants 2 electrons in its outer shell
53
What’d does oxygen need to fill its outer shell?
2 electrons
54
What is the strongest bond
Covalent Bond
55
What is the mid-strong bond
Ionic Bond
56
What surrounds a cell?
Membrane
57
What is the smallest unit of life?
Cell
58
What does it mean when a membrane is selectively permeable?
Only certain materials can pass through it
59
What small molecule can pass through the cell membrane?
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water
60
What is diffusion?
Movement of substances from high to low concentration
61
Does diffusion require energy?
No, its passive transport
62
What causes diffusion to happen?
A difference in concentration
63
When does diffusion occur in?
Living and Non-living things
64
Give examples of diffusion
Oxygen moving from lungs to blood
Carbon dioxide moving from blood to lungs
Room deodorizer spreading in the air
65
What is osmosis
THe diffusion of water from high to low concentration
66
is osmosis active or passive transport and what does it mean
Passive = no energy needed
67
What happens to your ells if you drink salt water
Water leaves the cells and they sharing and die
68
What happens to your cells in pure water
Water enters the cells and can swell or burst
69
What is an isotonic solution
Equal solute include and outside = cell stays the same
70
What is hypnotic solution?
Less solute outside which allows water to enter cells which the makes it swell
71
What is hypertonic solution
More solute outside, makes the water leaves the cells and shrivels
72
How do materials move?
Through a membrane
Use a protein carrier
Use ATP
73
What is active transport?
Movement of substances from low to high concentration using energy (ATP)
74
What type of energy is used in active transport?
A: ATP (adenosine triphosphate
75
What are the four main classes of organic compounds in biology?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
76
What do all organic molecules contain?
Carbon and hydrogen.
77
What are the small building blocks of organic molecules called?
Monomers
78
What do monomers link together to form?
Polymers
79
What analogy is used to describe how monomers form polymers?
Like the cars of a train linking together to form a whole train
80
What is synthesis ?
Monomers of organic compounds are joined together in a process to form polymers
81
What is hydrolysis?
to break down polymers into monomers
82
What are carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are a class of compounds that are composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
83
What is the ratio for carbohydrates?
A:2:1 and means that for every carbon atom, there are twice as many hydrogen atoms, and an equal amount of oxygen atoms
84
What are 3 functions of carbohydrates
Source of energy
85
What are building blocks for carbohydrates?
monomers
86
What is a disaccharide?
Formed when 2 monosaccharides are combined
87
What is polysaccharide
A large chain of momosacchardies
88
How does storing starch in plants different from humans and animals
Only plants can make starch
Humans and animals store extra glucose in the liever form I the form of glycogen
89
What is starch?
Starch is a plant storage form of glucose, consisting of a long chain of glucose twisted into a coil.
## Footnote
Only plants can make starch.
90
What is glycogen?
Glycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide.
91
What is cellulose?
Cellulose is the structural material found in plants, making them stiff.
## Footnote
Cellulose has a different type of bond between the glucose molecules, which is why most organisms cannot digest it.
92
What substances can your body break down?
Starch and glycogen
## Footnote
These are carbohydrates that can be converted into glucose.
93
What happens when you chew on bread or a cracker?
You taste the breakdown of starch into glucose
## Footnote
This occurs due to the action of salivary amylase.
94
What is the role of salivary amylase?
Converts starch into glucose
## Footnote
This enzyme is present in saliva.
95
Can humans break down cellulose?
No
## Footnote
Cellulose cannot be digested by humans, which is why we cannot eat wood.
96
Why is cellulose important for health?
It is a type of dietary fiber
## Footnote
Fiber is crucial for digestive health.
97
How much fiber should you eat per day?
Between 25 and 30 grams
## Footnote
This recommendation is based on general dietary guidelines.
98
What does fiber do in the digestive tract?
Helps keep you regular and decreases the risk of colon cancer
## Footnote
Fiber is not digestible, aiding in bowel movement.
99
What is one benefit of eating enough fiber?
Helps lower cholesterol
## Footnote
High cholesterol levels can lead to heart disease.
100
True or False: Humans can digest wood.
False
## Footnote
Humans lack the necessary enzymes to break down cellulose.
101
What substances can your body break down?
Starch and glycogen
## Footnote
These are carbohydrates that can be converted into glucose.
102
What happens when you chew on bread or a cracker?
You taste the breakdown of starch into glucose
## Footnote
This occurs due to the action of salivary amylase.
103
What is the role of salivary amylase?
Converts starch into glucose
## Footnote
This enzyme is present in saliva.
104
Can humans break down cellulose?
No
## Footnote
Cellulose cannot be digested by humans, which is why we cannot eat wood.
105
Why is cellulose important for health?
It is a type of dietary fiber
## Footnote
Fiber is crucial for digestive health.
106
How much fiber should you eat per day?
Between 25 and 30 grams
## Footnote
This recommendation is based on general dietary guidelines.
107
What does fiber do in the digestive tract?
Helps keep you regular and decreases the risk of colon cancer
## Footnote
Fiber is not digestible, aiding in bowel movement.
108
What is one benefit of eating enough fiber?
Helps lower cholesterol
## Footnote
High cholesterol levels can lead to heart disease.
109
True or False: Humans can digest wood.
False
## Footnote
Humans lack the necessary enzymes to break down cellulose.
110
What is an isomer?
Isomers are chemicals with the same chemical formula but different structures.
111
What is the chemical formula for fructose and glucose?
The chemical formula for both fructose and glucose is C6H12O6.
112
Can humans break down cellulose?
No, humans cannot break down cellulose due to the arrangement of glucose molecules.
113
What molecule can be used for cellular respiration?
Only glucose can be used for cellular respiration.
114
How does the body recognize different sugars?
The body recognizes the structure of each molecule and does not confuse fructose for glucose.
115
What are the key functions of lipids?
Energy storage, insulation, lubrication and protection, buoyancy, structural component, and chemical messengers (hormones).
116
What elements are lipids composed of?
Lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
117
How do the ratios of elements in lipids differ from carbohydrates?
Lipids do not have the same 1:2:1 ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen that carbohydrates have.
118
What are some examples of lipids?
Examples of lipids include oils, fats, waxes, steroids, sex hormones, and cholesterol.
119
What is the role of fat in the body?
Fat is used as long-term energy storage and insulation.
120
What is the function of waxes in plants?
Waxes are used to lubricate and prevent plant leaves from drying out.
121
What is cholesterol's role in the cell?
Cholesterol is a structural component of the cell membrane.
122
What are sex hormones classified as?
Sex hormones are classified as chemical messengers.
123
What is Solvent
Liquid in which solute is dissolved to forma solution
124
What is solute
Minior component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent
