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unit 2 Flashcards

(143 cards)

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1
Q

the neck contains

A

viscera of GI, respiratory and endocrine system

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2
Q

Masseter muscle

A

over the ramus and angle and the mandible

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3
Q

the clavicle is

A

subcutaneous and frequently broken

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4
Q

clavicle medial end

A

large and knob-like

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5
Q

clavicle lateral end

A

flattened

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6
Q

clavicle medially

A

convex foreword

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7
Q

clavicle laterally

A

concave forward

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8
Q

hyoid bone level

A

CV3

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9
Q

what muscles attach to the hyoid bone

A

suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscle

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10
Q

cricoid cartilage level

A

CV6

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11
Q

What structures at at level CV6?

A

Lower board of the cricoid cartilage
junction of the larynx and trachea
junction of the pharynx and esophagus
middle cervical sympathetic ganglion
vertebral artery enters CV6 transverse foramen

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12
Q

How many trachea rings are there?

A

16-20

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13
Q

Trachea 2nd-3rd rings

A

are usually covered by the isthmus of the thyroid gland

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14
Q

The sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

divides the neck region into posterior and anterior triangles

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15
Q

Superficial cervical fascia of the neck

A

platysma muscle and cervical branch of facial nerve (CN7)
cutaneous nerves (branch of cervical plexus)
external and anterior jugular veins

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16
Q

investing (anterior) layer of deep cervical fascia

A

forms roof of the posterior triangle

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17
Q

prevertebral (posterior) layer of deep cervical fascia

A

continues as axillary fascia

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18
Q

corotid sheath

A

surrounds corotid vessels, internal jugular vein and vegus nerve

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19
Q

platysma muscle origin insertion and innervation

A

origin: skin below clavicle
insertion: mandible and muscles of lower lip
innervation: cervical branch of facial nerve

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20
Q

platysma action

A

tenses the skin of the neck (mainly), moves the lower lip down, moves the corner of mouth down

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21
Q

Cervical plexus

A

Ventral primary rami (VPR) of C1-4

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22
Q

cutaneous (superficial) branches of the cervical plexus

A

lesser occipital nerve (C2)
greater auricular nerve (C2-3)
transverse cervical nerve (C2-3)
supraclavicular nerves (C3-4)

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23
Q

muscular (deep branches of cervical plexus)

A

Ansa cervicalis (C1-3, motor)
phrenic nerve (c3-5, mixed)
muscular branches

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24
Q

Ansa Cervicalis

A

C1-3
motor
- 3 infrahyoid muscles

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25
phrenic nerve
C3-5 mixed diaphragm (motor)
26
lesser occipital nerve (C2)
supplies skin of the neck and scalp, and behind the ear
27
Greater auricular nerve (C2-3) traveling partner
external jugular Vein
28
greater auricular nerve (cervical cutaneous branch)
C2-3 travels with external jugular vein supplies skin of the angle of the mandible and ear
29
External jugular vein is formed by
posterior branch of retromandibular vein and posterior articular vein - and drains into subclavian vein
30
posterior triangle borders of neck
posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid, anterior border of the trapezius, middle third clavicle
31
anterior triangle borders of neck
Anterior: median line of neck Posterior: anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid superior: inferior border of mandible
32
posterior triangle of the neck has
cervicoaxillary canal
33
posterior triangle of the neck roof and floor
roof: investing (anterior) layer of deep cervical fascia Floor: 6 muscles - splenius capitis -splenius cervicis -levator scapula -posterior scalene -middle scalene -anterior scalene
34
posterior triangle of the neck carpet
prevertebral fascia or posterior layer of deep cervical fascia
35
Sternocleidomastoid origin, insertion and innervation
origin: manubrium, medial end of clavicle insertion: mastoid process innervation: spinal accessory nerve
36
sternocleidomastoid function
unilaterally: tilt head to the same side, rotates head to the opposite side bilaterally: flex the head
37
Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT)
unilateral shortening of the sternocleidomastoid muscle lesion side - ipsilateral head tilt and contralateral rotation of the face and chin -painless
38
Trapezius origin, insertion and innervation
origin: EOP, Superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CV7-TV12 Insertion: Lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion process, scapula spine innervation: accessory nerve (CN XI)
39
Trapezius function and blood supply
function: upper fibers: elevate shoulder middle: retract shoulder lower: depress shoulder upper + lower = rotate scapule abduction - does not act on the shoulder joint blood supply: superficial branch of transverse cervical artery or superficial cervical artery (if there is a dorsal scapular artery) -
40
splenius capitis origin, insertion and innervation
origin: ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CV7-T3 Insertion: superior nuchal line, mastoid process innervation: dorsal rami of middle cervical spinal nerves
41
splenius capitis action
unilateral: flexes and rotates face to the same side bilateral: extend the head
42
Splenius cervicis origin, insertion and innervation
origin: spinous processes of TV3-6 insertion: transverse processes of CV1-3 innervation: dorsal rami of middle and lower cervical spine
43
splenius cervicis action
unilateral: flexes and rotates neck to the same side bilateral: extend the neck
44
Levator scapulae origin, insertion and innervation
origin: transverse processes of CV1-4 insertion: vertebral border of the scapula above the spine innervation: dorsal scapular nerve (C5), C3-4 of cervical plexus
45
levator scapulae action
elevates the scapula
46
anterior scapene origin, insertion, innervation and action
origin: anterior tubercle of transverse processes of CV3-6 insertion: scalene tubercle of 1st rib innervation: ventral rami of C4-7 action: elevate rib (inspiration), flexes the neck
47
middle scalene origin, insertion, innervation and action
origin: posterior tubercle of transverse processes of CV2-7 insertion: 1st rib innervation: ventral rami of C3-7 action: elevates rib (inspiration), flex the neck
48
posterior scalene origin, insertion, innervation and action
origin: posterior tubercle of transverse processes of CV4-6 insertion: 2nd rib innervation: ventral rami of C5-7 action: elevate rib (inspiration), flex the neck
49
omohyoid muscle origin, insertion and innervation
origin: medial to the scapular notch insertion: lower boarder of hyoid bone innervation: ansa cervicalis (c1-3)
50
omohyoid parts and uniquitivity
three parts: inferior belly, intermediate tendon, superior belly - unique because crosses both triangles
51
structures between anterior and middle scalene muscle
subclavian artery (anteriorly) brachial plexus (posteriorly)
52
what structures lie superficial to scalenus anterior muscle?
phrenic nerve, prevertebral fascia, suprascapular artery, transverse cervical artery, subclavian vein, omohyoid muscle
53
what structures are immediately above first rib (anterior to posterior)
subclavian vein anterior scalene/scalenus anterior subclavian artery lower portion of brachial plexus middle scalene/scalenus medius
54
brachial plexus location
Ventral primary rami (C5-T1)
55
brachial plexus roots (C5-8, T1)
Dorsal scapular nerve (C5) Long thoracic nerve (c5-7)
56
brachial plexus trunks
upper trunk (C5-6) - suprascapular nerve - nerve to subclavius muscle Middle trunk (C7) lower trunk (C8-T1)
57
Brachial plexus divisions
Anterior and posterior
58
root of the neck area
the area immediately superior to the superior thoracic aperture and axillary inlets
59
aoric arch and its branches
In the superior mediastinum Three branches from the aortic arch -Brachiocephalic trunk (artery) --Right common carotid artery --Right subclavian artery -Left common carotid artery -Left subclavian artery
60
subclavian artery
ends at lateral border of 1st rib changes its name to axillary artery
61
three parts of subclavian artery
anterior scalene muscle is a landmark - medial to it: 1st part -posterior to it: 2nd part - lateral to it: 3rd part
62
Vertebral artery (first part of subclavian artery)
enters transverse foramen of CV6 and foramen magnum supplying the brainstem - between ant. scalene & longus coli muscle
63
internal thoracic artery (subclavian artery)
posterior to the sternoclavicular joint enters the thorax
64
Thyrocervical trunk (3 branches - from subclavian artery)
Suprascapular a. above Superior transverse scapular lig. Travels with Suprascapular n. (below lig.) Transverse cervical a. Superficial branch Travels with Spinal accessory n. Deep branch Travels with Dorsal scapular n. Inferior thyroid a. Ascending cervical a. Travels with Phrenic n. Inferior laryngeal a. (terminal br.) Travels with Recurrent laryngeal n.
65
suprascapular artery (from thyrocervical trunk)
above superior transverse scapular ligament travels with suprascapular nerve (below ligament)
66
transverse cervical artery superficial branch (from thyrocervical trunk) travels with
spinal accessory nerve
67
transverse cervical artery deep branch (from thyrocervical trunk) travels with
dorsal scapular nerve
68
inferior thyroid artery (from thyrocervical trunk) separates into
ascending cervical artery and inferior laryngeal artery (terminal branch)
69
ascending cervical artery (from inferior thyroid artery and thyrocervical trunk) traveling partner
phrenic nerve
70
inferior thyroid artery (from inferior thyroid artery and thyrocervical trunk) traveling partner
recurrent laryngeal nerve
71
Costocervical trunk (2nd part of subclavian artery) separates into
deep cervical artery - deep muscles of the neck and upper back - spinal cord (cervical part) highest intercostal artery - gives off 1st and 2nd posterior intercostal artery
72
dorsal scapular artery (3rd part of subclavian artery)
-usually between upper and middle trunks of brachial plexus - replaces the deep branch of the transverse cervical artery - transverse cervical artery changes its name to superficial cervical artery
73
subclavian vein
beings at lateral border of first rib from axillary vein
74
internal jugular vein
exits at jugular foramen formed by sigmoid sinus and inferior petrosal sinus collects blood from brain, face and neck
75
brachiocephalic vein is formed by
subclavian vein and internal jugular vein
76
at the junction of subclavian and internal jugular veins
-thoracic duct opens into it (left) - right lymphatic duct opens into it (right_ --- or opens into right subclavian vein
77
veins at the root of the neck
-draining anterior triangle of neck -opens: subclavian vein and external jugular vein - communicate with internal jugular vein
78
jugular veinous arch
-connects left and right - usually enters external jugular vein - above the jugular notch
79
Vagus nerve and it's branches
- anterior to subclavian artery - right side: gives off right recurrent laryngeal nerve ---- related to right subclavian artery - left side: gives off left recurrent laryngeal nerve ---- related to aortic arch ---- lateral to ligamentum of arteriosum - superior cardiac branch - preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
80
phrenic nerve
- mixed - C3-5 - R: related to superior vena cava and inferior vena cava - L: related to aortic arch - anterior to root of the lung - sits on anterior scalene muscle - between subclavian artery and vein
81
What travels thorugh Scalene (interscalene) triangle
Roots of the branchial plexus and the 3rd part of the subclavian artery pass through it
82
scalene (interscalene) triangle boundary
1st rib, anterior scalene, middle scalene
83
cervical rib
extra rib that grows from the cervical spine - can develop thoracic outlet syndrome from it
84
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS)
occurs when the nerves leading from the neck to the arm (the brachial plexus) is compressed. More than 90% of cases are neurogenic - 5% are venous - 1% are arterial - sometimes, the venous and arterial syndromes are known together as vascular thoracic outlet syndrom -
85
Anterior triangle subdivisions
muscular triangle carotid triangle submental triangle submandibular triangle
86
infrahyoid muscles
inferior to hyoid bone straplike act on hyoid and larynx names refer to attachment points
87
infrahyoid muscle members
sternohyoid (superficial) omohyoid (superficial) sternothyroid (deep) thyrohyoid (deep)
88
sternohyoid origin, insertion, and innervation
origin: manubrium of sternum, sternoclavicular joint insertion: hyoid bone innervation: ansa cervicalis
89
sternohyoid action
depresses hyoid
90
omohyoid origin, insertion and innervation
origin: upper border of scapula (medial to scapular notch) insertion: hyoid bone innervation: ansa cervicalis
91
omohyoid action
depresses and retract hyoid
92
sternothyroid origin, insertion and innervation
origin: posterior manubrium insertion: thyroid cartilage innervation: ansa cervicalis
93
sternothyroid action
depresses larynx
94
Thyrohyoid origin, insertion and innervation
origin: thyroid cartilage insertion: hyoid innervation: C1 VPR fibers that are bound together with hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
95
thyrohyoid action
depress hyoid and elevate larynx
96
muscular triangle borders
anterior border of sternocleidomastoid, superior belly of omohyoid, median line
97
muscular triangle contents
infrahyoid muscles
98
suprahyoid muscles
superior to hyoid act on hyoid, mandible, and mouth
99
suprahyoid muscle members
digastric stylohyoid mylohyoid geniohyoid
100
Digastric anterior belly origin insertion and innervation
origin: digastric fossa of mandible insertion: hyoid bone (Via intermediate tendon) innervation: nerve to mylohyoid muscle (ultimately a branch of CN V3)
101
digastric muscle posterior belly origin, insertion and innervation
origin: mastoid process of temporal bone insertion: hyoid bone (via intermediate tendon) innervation: facial nerve (CN VII)
102
digastric action
elevate hyoid, depress mandible
103
stylohyoid origin, insertion and innervation
origin: styloid process of temporal bone insertion: hyoid bone innervation: facial nerve (CN VII)
104
stylohyoid action
elevate hyoid
105
Mylohyoid origin, insertion, and innervation
origin: mylohyoid line of mandible insertion: hyoid bone, median raphe between left and right mylohyoid innervation: nerve to mylohyoid muscle (ultimately a branch of CN V3)
106
mylohyoid action
elevate hyoid, elevate floor of mouth
107
mylohyoid muscle
forms muscular floor of mouth Raphe: seam where two halves fused
108
Geniohyoid origin, insertion and innervation
origin: inferior genial tubercle of mandible insertion: hyoid bone innervation: C1 VPR fibers that are bound together with hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
109
geniohyoid action
elevate and protract hyoid (when mandible fixed), depress and retract mandible (when hyoid fixed) - deep/superior to mylohyoid muscle
110
Submandibular triangle borders
anterior belly of digastric, posterior belly of digastric, inferior margin of mandible
111
submandibular triangle contents
submandibular gland, facial artery and vein
112
Submental triangle borders
left anterior belly of digastric muscle, right anterior belly of digastric muscle, hyoid bone - only unpaired triangle of the neck
113
submental triangle contents
mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscle
114
carotid triangle borders
posterior belly of digastric muscle, superior belly of omohyoid muscle, anterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle
115
carotid triangle contents
common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve, hypoglossal nerve, ansa cervialis
116
common carotid artery parents
right: brachiocephalic trunk left: aortic arch
117
common carotid artery terminal branches
internal carotid artery: no branches in neck external carotid artery: many branches in neck
118
Ansa cervicalis
innervated infrahyoid muscles, loop shape, superficial to internal jugular vein
119
two components of ansa cervicalis
descendens hyoglossi and descendens cervicalis
120
Descendens hypoglossi of ansa cervicalis
-superior root -formed from C1 VPR fibers running with hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) - supplies superior belly of omohyoid, upper parts of sternohyoid and sternothyroid (but supply to thyrohyoid and geniohyoid muscle by C1 is separate from ansa cervicalsis
121
Descendens cervicalis from ansa cervicalis
-inferior root - formed from C2 & C3 VPR fibers - superior inferior belly of omohyoid, lower parts of sternohyoid and sternothyroid
122
Trigeminal nerve
- CN V: branches into V1, V2, V3 -- CN V3 gives off inferior alveolar nerve branch --- inferior alveolar nerve gives off nerve to mylohyoid ---- Nerve to mylohyoid innervates mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric muscle - part of anterior triangle
123
Facial nerve
- nerve in anterior triangle - CN VII - trunk innervates stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric muscle - cervical branch supplies platysma muscle
124
Vagus nerve
- in anterior triangle - CN X - travels within carotid sheath - gives off superior laryngeal nerve branch -- internal laryngeal nerve: branch of superior laryngeal nerve that travels w/ superior laryngeal artery - -external laryngeal nerve: branch of sup. laryngeal nerve that travels w/superior thyroid artery - gives off recurrent laryngeal nerve branch that ascends between trachea and esophagus
124
Glossopharyngeal nerve
- nerve in anterior triangle - CN IX - conveys visceral sensory innervation (baroreceptors, chemoreceptors) from bifurcation of common carotid artery
125
Accessory Nerve
-CN XI - nerve in anterior triangle - innervates sternocleidomastoid
126
Hypoglossal nerve
- CN XII - in anterior triangle - crosses superficial to carotid arteries - helps deliver C1 VPR fibers to ansa cervicalis, thyroid, and geniohyoid muscle - passes deep to mylohyoid to innervate tongue muscles
127
Sympathetic trunk
receives preganglionic sympathetic axons that all: - originate at T1-L2 spinal cord levels - enter trunk via white rami in thorax - fibers ascend to cervical region
128
sympatheic trunk source of prostganglionic sympathetic axons that either:
-Exit via gray rami into cervical spinal nerves - supply thoracic viscera via cardiac nerves - travel to head & neck via periarterial plexuses
129
superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglion
superior: source of internal and external carotid nerves (c1-C4) middle: may be absent (c5-6) inferior: may fuse with first thoracic ganglion to form stellate ganglion (T1)
130
glands
tissues that produce and release substances that perform bodily functions classification: - endocrine: secrete products into bloodstream - exocrine: secrete products vis ducts
131
submandibular gland
-major salivary (endocrine) gland - fills submandibular triangle
132
submandibular gland spatial relations
-facial artery passes deep/through - fascial vein travels superficially
133
Thyroid gland
-anterior to trachea - endocrine gland producing thyroid hormone (regulates metabolism, growth, development)
134
thyroid gland shape
butterfly-shaped - lateral lobes - median isthmus connecting lobes
135
thyroid gland blood supply
superior thyroid artery - branch of external carotid artery inferior thyroid artery - brach of thyrocervical trunk
136
Parathyroid gland
-four nodules on posterior surface of thyroid gland - endocrine glands producing parathyroid hormone (regulates calcium in blood)
137
Where does the facial nerve (CN VII) exit the cranial cavity?
internal auditory meatus into the petrous temporal bone - parasympathetic fibers course anterior with it as greater petrosal nerve
138
What are the five terminal branches of the facial nerve?
temporal zygomatic buccal marginal mandibular cervical
139
Motor fibers of the facial nerve that exit the stylomastoid foramen innervate
the posterior auricular and occipitalis (through posterior auricular br. of V2), posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid (direct branch)
140
course of facial nerve to facial muscle
Internal auditory meatus <- exit from cranial cavity Facial canal inside petrous temporal bone Stylomastoid foramen <- exit from skull Within parotid gland 5 terminal branches to muscles (Temp, Zygomatic ,Bucc ,Marg mandibular, Cervical)
141
Bell's palsy
upper and lower facial muscles are paralyzed after a lesion of facial nerve - leads to dry eyes/mouth, loss of taste, loud sounds
142

gross anatomy (3 decks)

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