Process in which repeated cycles occur of - Variation - Interaction with environment - Differential replication as a fx of interaction

Unit 2 & 3 Flashcards by ronaleen alquiza

Scientific approach for seeking and organizing knowledge about the natural world as evidenced by description, prediction, and control

Science

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Goals of Science

Description
Prediction
Control
Development of technology

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Fundamental assumption of Science

Determinism

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Prime directive of Science

Empiricism

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Basic strategy of Science

Experimentation

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Necessary requirement for believability of Science

Replication

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Conservative value of Science

Parsimony

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Guiding conscience of Science

Philosophic doubt

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Manipulates specific IV while controlling extraneous factors, uses direct observation and measurement of phenomena, and empirical phenomena as its subject matter

Natural Science

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Controls variability with inferential statistics, uses indirect observation and measurement, and hypothetical constructs outside natural realm is the subject matter

Social Science

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Philosophical Assumptions of Bx Analysis

Determinism
Empiricism
Parsimony
Philosophical doubt
Pragmatism

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The universe is a lawful and orderly place; phenomena occur as a result of other events; bx is a fx of genetics and the environment

Determinism

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Objective observation with thorough description and quantification of the phenomena of interest

Empiricism

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Two Elements of Empiricism

Experimentation

Replication

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Systematic manipulation of an independent variable, observing and measuring one or more dependent variables while controlling extraneous variables

Experimentation

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Repeating any part of an experiment, same experiment, while varying specific conditions

Replication

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Requires that all simple, logical explanations be ruled out experimentally before more complex or abstract explanations are considered

Parsimony

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Continually questions the truthfulness of what is regarded as a fact; scientific knowledge must always be viewed as tentative

Philosophic Doubt

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Assesses the truth of theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application

Pragmatism

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The philosophy or world view underlying bx analysis

Behaviorism

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Determinants of Bx

Inherited biological factors (genetic/ phylogenic)
Experiential history with environment
Organism’s current environment (ontogenic)

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Selection

Process in which repeated cycles occur of

Variation
Interaction with environment
Differential replication as a fx of interaction

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3 Types of Selection by Consequences

Natural Selection
Operant Selection
Cultural Selection

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The environment selects which variations survive and are passed on; bx is partially determined by phylogenic factors

Natural Selection

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Specific responses are selected by immediate consequences; selected responses are repeated

Operant Selection

Special kind of operant selection mediated by verbal bx; cultural practices evolve as they contribute to the success of the practicing group

Cultural Selection

"Nearness of events in time Amount of time between two stimuli in pairing Amount of time between response and consequence"

Temporal Contiguity

Emphasizes the likelihood that one event is a result of another event

Contingency

Adjacency between events regardless of causality

Contiguity

Contingencies involving consequences

Contingencies of reinforcement

Steps in Bx Analysis

1. Identify the organism who is the focus of analysis or intervention. 2. Identify and define the target bx 3. Identify or specific the environmental event

Basic Operations of Bx Analysis

1. Direct observation 2. Repeated measures 3. Graph data 4. Manipulation of environmental events 5. Systematic evaluation of effects on environmental manipulations 6. Analysis and interpretation

Data collected multiple times before intervention, after manipulation, and multiple times during any phase of the study

Repeated Measures

Use single-case design to control for extraneous variables and each participant serves as its own control

Systematic evaluation

Types of environmental manipulations

``` Present antecedent stimulus Withdraw antecedent stimulus Pair two or more stimuli Provide consequence (onset/ offset) Signal consequence Establish or abolish effectiveness of consequence ```

Contingently present stimulus immediately after response

Consequential Operation (+)

Contingently remove a stimulus immediately after the response

Consequential Operation (-)

Relatively permanent change in bx as a result of experience; consequences may lead to learning

Learning

Father of Behaviorism

John B. Watson

The philosophy or world view underlying bx analysis

Behaviorism

Most influential type of behaviorism for guiding the science and practice of bx analysis; rejects mentalism; conceptualizes behavioral relations at the phylogenic, ontogenic, and cultural levels with selections as their underlying principle

Radical behaviorism

Simple relation between antecedent stimulus and reflex response; S-R relationship

Reflex

Strongly, consistently, and reliably evoke; used exclusively with respondent functional relations

Elicit

Simple relation between a specific stimulus and a specific innate, involuntary response

Unconditioned Reflex

Critical Attributes of Unconditioned Reflexes

- Stereotypic/ highly invariant in form - Innate/ of phylogenic provenance - Involuntary/ mediated by the autonomic nervous system

Variable Attributes of Unconditioned Reflexes

- Involve smooth muscles, glands, may involve skeletal and cardiac muscles - Appear during early infancy, but may appear later in life - Most reflexes are retained for a lifetime, but some disappear over time

Stimulus which elicits an unconditioned response without prior learning due to an innate capacity to do so; used to refer to reflexes and respondent bx

Unconditioned Stimulus (US/ UCS)

Response which is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning, and is due to phylogenic provenance; used to refer to unlearned respondent bx

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Temporary reduction in a reflex response due to repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus; presentation must occur within relatively short period of time

Habituation

Reduction in the frequency or magnitude of a response or a set of responses as a result of prolonged exposure to a stimulus or an environmental context

Adaptation

Temporary increase in some dimension or intensity of a reflex response due to repeated presentations of an eliciting stimulus produced by an aversive antecedent stimulus; opposite of habituation

Potentiation

Tendency of a stimulus to elicit a reflex response following the elicitation of that response by a different stimulus

Sensitization

Ivan Pavlov

Respondent/ Classical Conditioning

Simple relation between a specific conditioned stimulus and a conditioned involuntary response; learned through the contingent pairing of neutral stimuli with UCS or other conditioned stimuli

Conditioned Reflex

Critical Attributes of Conditioned Reflexes

1. Simple relation between stimulus and response 2. Response is elicited by a stimulus 3. There must be an unconditioned reflex out of which it develops 4. Stereotypic and highly invariant in form 5. CR response must be highly similar or identical to the unconditioned reflex response 6. Learned through contingent pairing

Stimulus which has no eliciting effect on bx prior to being paired contingently with an unconditioned stimulus; may have effects on other bx (e.g. orienting response)

Neutral Stimulus

Stimulus which elicits conditioned response due to prior learning due to ontogenic provenance; acquire eliciting properties through contingent pairing with a US

Conditioned Stimulus

Better term for Conditioned Stimulus

Conditioned Elicitor

Respondent Conditioning Procedures

``` Short Delay Conditioning Procedure Long Delay Conditioning Procedure Trace Conditioning Procedure Simultaneous Conditioning Procedure Backward Conditioning Procedure ```

Onset of CS must come before the onset of the US; delay between the onset of CS and onset of US is very brief; CS and US must overlap; very effective

Short Delay Conditioning Procedure

The delay between the onset of CS and onset of US can be up to 30 seconds; there must be an overlap; usually effective

Long Delay Conditioning Procedure

The offset of CS must come before the onset of US; delay is no more than 5 seconds; sometimes effective

Trace Conditioning Procedure

Onset of CS and US occur at the same time; the offset of CS and US occur at the same time; usually not effective

Simultaneous Conditioning Procedure

The US is presented first followed by the CS; almost always ineffective; demonstrated to be effective with aversive conditioned stimuli

Backward Conditioning Procedure

Important Points for Conditioning

1. CS should come first 2. Overlap between CS and US 3. If no overlap, short delay between CS offset and US onset

Neutral stimulus is paired with previously conditioned stimulus (CS) rather than with a US

Higher Order Conditioning

Process through which a conditioned reflex is weakened by discontinuing to pair the CS with US; presenting a CS without the US across time until the CS no longer elicits the conditioned response

Respondent Extinction

Basic process involved in respondent extinction

Unpairing of stimuli

Sudden reappearance of previously extinguished conditioned reflex and occurs as a function of the passage of time during which the CS in not presented or the organism is in a different environment

Respondent Spontaneous Recovery

Spread of the effects of respondent conditioning to stimuli other than the conditioned stimulus; the greater the similarity between the CS and the other stimulus, the more likely generalization will occur

Respondent Stimulus Generalization

Variables associated with strength of respondent conditioning and resistance to respondent extinction

1. # of Paired Trials: The greater the number of pairing, the stronger the conditioned reflex; initial pairings are more important than later pairings. 2. CS-US Contingency: Strongest SS contingency is when 2 stimuli always occur together until learning occurs. 3. CS-US Contiguity: The length of time interval between CS and US 4. Inter-trial intervals: The length of time intervals between successive trials 5. Specific Features

Provenance of Stimulus

Unconditioned (Phylogenic) | Conditioned (Ontogenic)

Functional Effect of Stimulus

Elicitor: Elicit a response Conditioner: Condition another response

Dimension Altering

Stimulus-on-response effect

Function Altering

Stimulus-on-stimulus effect

Unit 2 & 3 Flashcards

(75 cards)