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Psychology 245 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Bipolar I

A

major depressive episodes and manic episodes; sometimes go from one or the other, or you might be in euthymic mood

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2
Q

Bipolar II

A

major depressive and hypomanic episodes

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3
Q

Cycothymia

A

hypomanic episodes alternate with mild depression; 2+ years

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4
Q

Disruptive mood dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)

A

new diagnosis in DSM-V; involves persistent irritability and severe upwards; 3+ times a week for at least a year; given to children who are at least 6 and onset has to occur by age 10

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5
Q

Prevalence of Bipolar I and II

A

2-3%

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6
Q

age of onset of Bipolar I and II and cycolthymia

A

I: 15-18 II: 19-22; early teens

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7
Q

Sex ratio of Bipolar

A

pretty equal ratio

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8
Q

Course of Bipolar

A

recurrent and chronic; go from II to I in about 25% of cases

Cyclothymia- about 1/3 go to one of the bipolar disorders

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9
Q

Biological Factors for Bipolar

A

genetics: family and twin studies; genetic liability greater than for MDD; MZ: 70% will also have Bipolar DZ: 2%
NTM: manic-elevated dopamine; depressive-serotonin, neropinephrine- lower
increased risk for older paternal age- mutation in the sperm

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10
Q

Social Factors for Bipolar

A

stressful events: ie school, work, lack of sleep; social support: help buffer

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11
Q

Medication for Bipolar

A

Drugs with mood stabilizing properties (eg. lithium- most recommended, most improve, but watch out with dosages; anticonvulsants- higher risks with suicidal thinking)

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12
Q

Side effects of Bipolar medication

A

lethargy, weight gain, cognitive issues; some people miss the highs and therefore don’t want to comply

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13
Q

Psychotherapy for Bipolar

A

not recommended by itself, used with medication

family therapy: criticism; psychoed- helping the family understand what is going on

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14
Q

Anxiety Disorder

A

a general feeling of apprehension about possible danger

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15
Q

Components of Anxiety Disorder

A

Affect: feeling emotionally distressed
Cognition: thinking things are out of your control
Physiology: heart racing, feeling tension
Behavioral: physical jitteriness
persistent fear in the absence of external danger

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16
Q

Biological factors of Anxiety Disorder

A

genetics: inherit tendency to be uptight, high-strung, “neuroticism” (proneness to experience negative mood states)
NTMs: GABA, norepinephrine, serotonin
Brain structure: limbic system

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17
Q

Psychological factors of Anxiety Disorder

A

“sense of uncontrollability” learned from childhood experiences; ie: abuse, neglect
classical conditioning: ie: you almost fall off a balcony, some cues may trigger fear without a true eternal danger (heights become UCS)

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18
Q

Sociocultural environment factors of Anxiety Disorder

A

stressful life events, may influence kinds of objects/experiences feel anxious about

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19
Q

High Comorbidity (relationship with depression)

A

when two disorders occur at the same time; harder to recover from
common sx: high negative affect
common sequence: anxiety feelings followed by depressive type feelings

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20
Q

Unique sx of Anxiety Disorders

A

anxiety: high autonomic arousal (ie. racing heart)
depression: low positive affect

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21
Q

Panic Disorder clinical description

A

abrupt surge of intense fear or discomfort; 4+ sx: pounding heart, sweating, trembling, dizziness, shortness of breath, fear of dying; peak intensity within 10 minutes; types: situationally bound, situationally predisposed, unexpected

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22
Q

Agoraphobia

A

anxiety about being in places/situations where panic like sx may occur and from which escape might be difficult

  • avoid or endure “unsafe” situations with marked distress
  • frequent complication of PD
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23
Q

Prevalence of panic disorder

A

5%

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24
Q

Age of onset of panic disoder

A

20-25%

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25
Sex ratio of panic disorder
mainly female; 2/3 female
26
course and comorbidity of panic disorder
chronic, there is waxing and waning; MDD
27
cultural factors of panic disorder
rates are same in US; exist across many cultures
28
Biological factors of panic disorder
moderate genetic heritability: 30-40% Amygdala: involved in fear and panic Hippocampus: involved in anticipatory anxiety NTMs: (low) serotonin, (high) noradrenaline; low GABA
29
Psychological factors of panic disorder
cognitive theory: tendency to interpret normal bodily sensation in a catastrophic way is key Ex. exercise --> increased heart rate --> interpret as dangerous (possible heart problem) --> increased anxiety -> more bodily sensations --> perceive as more dangers...panic attack
30
Medication for panic disorder
benzodiazepines: easily addictive; SSRI's what you would first try; take longer to have effect Problem: side effects; high relapse rates
31
Panic control treatment (PCT) for panic disorder
exposure to internal sensations (create a "mini" panic attack) and feared situations cognitive therapy- challenge automatic thoughts relaxation: breathing
32
Clinical description of Social Anxiety Disorder/Social Phobia
severe, persistent fear of social or performance situations; concern about scrutiny, negative evaluation, embarrassment; avoid or endure social/performance situations with distress
33
Prevalence of social anxiety disorder
12%
34
Age of onset of social anxiety disorder
adolescence
35
sex ratio of social anxiety disorder
50/50%; even
36
course and comorbidity of social anxiety disorder
fairly persistent; MDD substance use
37
cultural factors for social anxiety disorder
seem to be higher rates for whites; variability in different cultures and areas
38
Biological factors of social anxiety disorder
moderate genetic heritability: about 30% | Temperament: tendency toward behavioral inhibition
39
Psychological and social factors of social anxiety disorder
``` unexpected panic attack in a social situation social trauma (eg. bullying) Modeling: parents overly concerned about others' opinions, about social evaluation ```
40
Clinical description of OCD
involves obsessions and compulsions that are time consuming (>1 hour per day), cause clinically significant distress; and/or interfere w/ social or occupational functioning
41
obsessions
recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that are intrusive, unwanted, and anxiety provoking Attempts to ignore, suppress, or neutralize obsessions with another thought or action
42
ego-dystonic
inconsistent w/ person's world view or view of themselves (vs. worries)
43
compulsions
behaviors (eg. handwashing) or mental acts (eg. praying silently) performed in response to an obsession aimed at reducing distress or preventing a dreaded event or outcome either unrealistic or clearly excessive
44
behavior avoidance
avoid anxiety-evoking situations and stimuli based on fears of disastrous consequences and/or inconvenience of having to ritualize compulsions used to restore a sense of safety if the situation or stimuli cannot be avoided in the first place
45
4 symptom dimensions
germs and contamination; responsibility for harm, injury or bad luck; unacceptable or "forbidden" thoughts; symmetry completeness, "not just right"
46
prevalence of ocd
2% lifetime
47
sex ratio of ocd
similar male/female ratio
48
age of onset of ocd
~19 years old
49
course and comorbidity of ocd
chronic course w/o treatment; comorbidity with MDD and other anxiety disorders
50
cultural factors of ocd
2014 study in 13 countries across 6 continents; 94% identified an unwanted intrusive thought; content can differ in different cultures
51
biological factors of ocd
increased prevalence among first degree relatives of individuals with it (8.2%); genetic vulnerability to anxiety more generally neurotransmitters: low levels of serotonin (because of SSRIs used to treat OCD) Neuroanatomy: over-activation in frontal lobes and basal ganglia cineuit
52
Immunology of ocd
PANDAS: during or after getting strep throat symptoms appear after strep infection in children mechanisms are not known
53
cognitive factors of ocd
explains the development of obsessions; unwanted intrusive thoughts are universal 90-99% of the population has had an unwanted intrusive thought similar in content to clinical obsessions Psychologists and psychiatrists could not distinguish the unwanted thoughts of those with vs. without ocd
54
behavioral factors of ocd
compulsions and avoidance reduce obsessional fear in the short term but paradoxically they backfire in the longterm (thoughts keep coming back)
55
psychiatric medications of ocd
benzodiazepines are not successful; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (to balance out low levels of serotonin
56
exposure and response prevention of ocd
assessment especially important (very heterogeneous and different learned consequences)
57
psychoeducation of ocd
unwanted intrusive thoughts are normal; obsessive beliefs lead to misinterpretation of normal intrusions as anxiety-provoking; treatment focused on reducing compulsions and charging interpretations
58
fear hierarchy
in vivo (situations) plus imaginal (thoughts, doubts)
59
exposure with ocd
within-session habituation; people's anxiety levels peak and then come down overtime
60
response prevention
gradually stop performing compulsions depending on exposures
61
clinical description of body dysmorphic disorder
preoccupation with imagines defect in appearance; "imagined ugliness"; typical focus = face; can have multiple perceived flaws mirror checking; elaborate rituals to camouflage "flaw" seek reassurance about defect plastic surgery: won't help people with this disorder
62
prevalence of BDD
hard to get a handle; numbers suggest 1-2%
63
age of onset of BDD
teenage, adolescent
64
sex ratio of BDD
about equal
65
course and comorbidity of BDD
chronic; MDD, high rates of suicide, poor quality of life
66
cultural factors of BDD
not much research in this area
67
causal theories of BDD
much less known; reinforced for appearance more than behavior in childhood history of teasing/criticism about appearance
68
treatment of BDD
few seek treatment | effective: SSRIs; Exposure response prevention (ERP)
69
clinical description of PTSD
exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence; either direct, witness, learning of traumatic event to close friend or family, repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of trauma (eg. first responder) AND enduring distress/behavioral change following the trauma
70
intrusion
recurrent re-experiencing: flashbacks, dreams
71
avoidance
of thoughts, feelings, reminders of trauma
72
negative cognitions and mood
eg. feeling shame, anger, self-blame, detached
73
arousal and reactivity
irritability, aggression, hyper vigilance, easily startled, concentration problems, sleep problems
74
acute stress disorder
sx within 1 month of trauma, increased risk for PTSD
75
prevalence of PTSD
7%
76
sex ratio of PTSD
more women than men
77
course and comorbidity of PTSD
can be pretty chronic; MDD, substance abuse
78
cultural factors of PTSD
lower rates where there are few sources of trauma
79
causal factors of PTSD
risk factors vary for...experiencing trauma: lower social support, more likely for males; PTSD once trauma experienced
80
Biological factors of PTSD
family history of anxiety (genes); cortisol; hippocampus (patients sometimes have damage); serotonin transporter gene (s/s) in interaction w/ low social support
81
Psychological factors of PTSD
prior experience of unpredictable/uncontrollable events; appraisals of stress sx after trauma; cognitive abilities (people create narrative or meaning out of trauma)
82
Sociocultural factors of PTSD
social support
83
Treatment for PTSD
Imaginal exposure and cognitive theory- work through the content of the trauma and associated emotions, reprocess, develop narrative, own it and control it Decrease intensity of emotion and desensitize to triggers Correct negative assumptions about the trauma (self-blame) Relaxation (can be used for all disorders except OCD)
84
Clinical description of Anorexia Nervosa
restricted dietary intake leading to significantly low weight for age and height; less than 85% of ideal body weight (DSM-IV) or no restriction (DSM-V); intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat (or behavior interfering with wt gain despite low weight); disturbed body perception, self-evaluation overly due to weight/shape; OR persistent lack of recognition of seriousness of low weight
85
deception to preserve AN
might wear baggy clothes, rearranging food on the plate to make it look like they ate more; lie to parents/friends about where they ate
86
resistance to treatment for AN
egosyntonic
87
physical consequences of AN
amenorrhea: 3 consecutive months w/o a period dry skin, brittle hair osteoporosis lanugo: downy hair that may form on face and extremities cardiovascular problems death: highest death rate; either by suicide or body failure
88
clinical description of Bulimia Nervosa
recurrent episodes of binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors intended to prevent wt gain; on average at least 1 time/week for 3 months; self-evaluation overly due to weight/shape
89
Binge
discrete period of time (within 2 hours); large amount of food (typically sweets or junk food); sense of lack of control
90
objective binge
larger than what most people would eat and loss of control
91
regular eating
not large and no loss of control
92
overeating
large but no loss of control
93
subjective binge
not large, but have a feeling of loss of control
94
compensatory behaviors
used to "undo" binge, or lessen anxiety; ex. vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, fasting, excessive exercise (most common is vomiting)
95
physical consequences of BN
eroded dental enamel; damage to intestines or esophagus; electrolyte imbalance (this is reversible)
96
prevalence of AN, BN, and Bulimia
1% (AN), 2% (BN), 1-2% (Bulimia)
97
sex ratio for BN
90%/10% female/male
98
age of onset for BN
adolescence on
99
course and comorbidity of BN
chronic without treatment; depression, anxiety, substance uses, OCD
100
cultural factors of BN
westernized countries where thin is idealized and food is for everyone
101
transdiagnostic conceptualization
there is a core pathology to eating disorders; more common than different
102
biological factors of BN
genetics: family studies, twin studies, partial overlap of genetic factors for AN and BN neurotransmitters and hormones: serotonin, appetite-regulating hormones: leptin-decreases appetite
103
psychological and sociocultural factors of BN
``` 1. Image of female beauty (Dove clip) in western cultures beauty = thin 2. Meaning of thinness and overweight thinness= feminine, attractive, successful, in control 3. Puberty puberty and boys: closer to ideal body puberty and girls: further from ideal body 4. Negative body image media influence "fat talk" 5. Dieting ```
104
thin ideal
idea that beauty is equated to thin
105
Minnesota semi-starvation study
these people became obsessed with food; then there were cases of binge eating; showed that obsession with food may be a consequence of restriction of food

Psychology 245 (1 decks)

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