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Unit 2 Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

Vibration

A

A repeating, back-and-forth motion about an equilibrium position

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2
Q

Wave

A

A disturbance that is transmitted progressively from one place to the next with no transport of matter.

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3
Q

Period

A

Time of a back-and-forth swing of a pendulum.

-depends on the length of a pendulum and the acceleration of gravity

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4
Q

Simple harmonic motion

A

Back-and-forth vibratory motion of a swinging pendulum. Aka oscillatory motion

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5
Q

Sine curve

A

Pictorial representation of a wave

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6
Q

Source of all waves

A

Something that vibrates.

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7
Q

Crests

A

High points on a wave

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8
Q

trhoughs

A

low points on a wave

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9
Q

amplitude

A

distance from the midpoint to the crest or trough of the wave.

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10
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance from the top of one crest to the top of the next one.

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11
Q

Frequency

A

number of vibrations an object makes in a unit of time

frequency = 1/period

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12
Q

hertz

A

unit of frequency. Hz

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13
Q

What is the energy transferred by a wave from a vibrating source to a receiver carried by?

A

A disturbance in the medium. Energy is not transferred by matter moving from one place to another within the medium.

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14
Q

Calculations for speed of a wave

A

wavelength * frequency

v = (greek letter lambda) * f

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15
Q

Transverse wave

A

When the motion of the medium is at right angles to the direction in which a wave travels.
-stretched strings of musical instruments; EM waves - radio waves and light

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16
Q

Longitudinal wave

A

When particles oscillate parallel to or along the direction of the wave rather than at right angles to it.
-sound waves

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17
Q

Interference pattern

A

a regular arrangement of places where wave effects are increased, decreased, or neutralized
-occur when waves from different sources arrive at the same point/time

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18
Q

constructive interference

A

Crest of one wave overlaps the crest of another. Their individual effects add together.
-increased amplitude

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19
Q

Destructive interference

A

crest of one wave overlaps the trough of another. Individual effects are reduced.
-cancellation

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20
Q

Out of phase

A

When crests of one wave overlap the troughs of another to produce regions of zero amplitude.

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21
Q

in phase

A

crests of one wave overlap the crests of the other, and the troughs overlap as well.

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22
Q

Standing wave

A

wave that appears to stay in one place. does not seem to move through the medium
-forms only if half a wavelength or a multiple of half a wavelength fits exactly into the length of the vibrating medium

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23
Q

nodes

A

stationary points on a standing wave

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24
Q

antinodes

A

positions on a standing wave with the largest amplitudes

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25
As a wave source approaches, an observer encounters...
waves with a higher frequency
26
as the wave source moves away, an observer encounters waves with...
a lower frequency
27
Doppler effect
apparent change in frequency due to the motion of the source or receiver
28
blue shift
increase in frequency
29
red shift
decrease in frequency
30
bow wave
Wave where crests overlap at the edges, and the pattern made by these overlapping crests is a V shape -occurs when a wave source moves faster than the waves it produces
31
shock wave
a 3D wave that consists of overlapping spheres that form a cone. -occurs when an object moves faster than the speed of sound.
32
sonic boom
sharp crack heard when the shock wave that sweeps behind a supersonic aircraft reaches the listeners.
33
Where do all sounds originate?
in the vibrations of material objects
34
ptich
subjective impression about the frequency of sound
35
usual hearing range for a person
20-20,000Hz
36
infrasonic
frequencies below 20Hz
37
ultrasonic
frequencies above 20,000Hz
38
compression
pulse of compressed air. neighboring molecules push into their neighbors
39
rarefaction
pulse of low-pressure air. neighboring molecules move into it
40
As a source of sound vibrates, a series of...
compressions and rarefactions travels outward from the source.
41
what does sound travel in?
solids, liquids, and gases
42
What does the speed of sound in gas depend on?
the temperature of the gas and the mass of the particles in the gas
43
What does the speed of sound in a material depend on?
material's elasticity
44
sound intensity
objective; measured by instruments
45
loudness
physiological sensation sensed in the brain.
46
When any object composed of elastic material is disturbed, it vibrates at...
its own special set of frequencies, which together form its special sounds
47
natural frequency
frequency at which an object vibrates when it is disturbed
48
forced vibration
occurs when an object is made to vibrate by another vibrating object that is nearby
49
sounding boards are an important part of all stringed musical instruments because...
they are forced into vibration and produce the sound
50
resonance
phenomenon that occurs when the frequency of a vibration forced on an object matches the object's natural frequency and a dramatic increase in amplitude occurs
51
when does an object resonate?
when there is a force to pull it back to its starting position and enough energy to keep it vibrating
52
When constructive interference occurs with soundwaves, the listener hears...
a louder sound
53
when a destructive interference occurs, the listener hears...
a fainter sound or no sound at all
54
when two tones of slightly different frequency are sounded together, a regular fluctuation...
in the loudness of the combined sounds is heard
55
beats
periodic variation in the loudness of sound
56
light
- an electromagnetic wave - does NOT require a medium through which to travel - is part particle and part wave
57
photons
massless bundles of concentrated electromagnetic energy
58
light-year
distance light travels in one year
59
electromagnetic wave
a wave that is partly electric and partly magnetic
60
electromagnetic spectrum
- range of electromagnetic waves | - consists of radio waves, microwaves, infrared, light, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, and gamma rays.
61
infrared
electromagnetic waves of frequencies lower than the red of visible light
62
ultraviolet
electromagnetic waves of frequencies higher than those of violet
63
transparent
light passes through materials whose atoms absorb the energy and immediately reemit it as light.
64
opaque
materials that absorb light without reemission and therefore allow no light through them
65
in opaque materials, any coordinated vibrations given by light to atoms and molecules are turned into...
random kinetic energy-that is, into internal energy
66
ray
a thin beam of light
67
shadow
formed where light rays cannot reach
68
umbra
a total shadow
69
penumbra
a partial shadow
70
spectrum
spread of colors. order red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet
71
white light
combination of all the colors
72
black
absence of light
73
The color of an opaque object is the color of the...
light it reflects
74
the color of a transparent object is the color of the...
light it transmits
75
pigment
material that selectively absorbs colored light
76
additive primary colors
red, green, and blue. allow you to produce a wide range of other colors by combining red, green, and blue.
77
complementary colors
when two colors are added together to produce white
78
when paints or dyes are mixed, the mixture...
absorbs all the frequencies each paint or dye in it absorbs
79
subtractive primary colors
magenta, yellow, and cyan. are mixed to produce other colors because of the way they absorb light.
80
scattering
Scattering occurs when tiny particles absorb a particular frequency and re-emit it in all directions.
81
why is the sky blue?
because its component particles scatter high-frequency light
82
excited state
a state with greater energy than the atom's lowest energy state
83
line spectrum
a pattern of distinct lines of color, with each line corresponding to a frequency of light
84
List the evidence that supports the particle nature of light and then list the evidence that supports the wave nature of light.
Particle: light moves in straight lines, photoelectric effect. Wave: light diffracts under certain circumstances.
85
Describe Michelson's experiment to determine the speed of light.
Michelson sent a narrow beam of light along a long path (of known length) and measured the amount of time it took to get back to him. Using distance and time, he calculated volume.
86
How are electromagnetic waves created and how does this compare to the way physical waves are created?
Physical waves are the result of a vibrating particle while electromagnetic waves are the result of a vibrating (or accelerating) charge.
87
Will a material be transparent to light if the frequency of light matches its own natural frequency?
No, the light will interact with the particles causing them to vibrate. Thus, instead of being re-emitted as light they are transformed into kinetic energy within the material.
88
Why would you expect the speed of light to be slightly less in the atmosphere than in a vacuum?
Photons will interact with particles in the air and some time will be lost between absorption and re-emission.
89
Why is the light from a candle NOT polarized?
Electrons vibrate randomly so the candlelight is vibrating in many different directions.
90
Your friend says that cell phones are faster than radios because they use microwaves, which have a higher energy than radio waves. True or not?
You should disagree. Although microwaves ARE higher energy waves, all EM waves travel at the same speed through air.
91
How is light emitted?
emitted by the vibrating electrons of atoms
92
What happens to light of a particular frequency that encounters atoms of the same resonant frequency?
Light of one frequency encountering an object with the same resonant frequency is absorbed by that object.
93
Why does the color of an object depend on the type of light that is hitting it?
While a blue sweatshirt may appear blue out in the sun, that is only because it is reflecting blue light. If you go inside and use a light that does not emit "blue" there will be no blue light to be reflected.
94
Why might atomic spectra be considered "fingerprints" of atoms?
Each element has its own characteristic spectrum that is dependent on the number and arrangement of electrons it has.

Physics 2 (7 decks)

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