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Surgical Sciences > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Structures of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells a

A 
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
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2
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Present in:
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Gives the cell its structure and regulates the chemicals that goes in and out of the cell (homeostasis)

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3
Q

Cell wall

A

Present in:
Eukaryotes (but not in humans, fungi and plants)
Prokaryotes
Provides strengths and shape to the cell, as well as structure. This also protects the cell from pathogens who are trying to invade them and prevents harmful molecule from entering the cell.

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4
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Present in:
Eukaryotes
Modifies and packages substances for transport out of cell (proteins, carbs, lipids)

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5
Q

Mitochondria

A

Present in:
Eukaryotes
ATP production “power plant”/energy

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6
Q

Ribosomes

A

Present in:
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Responsible for protein synthesis in a process known as transcription and translation.

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7
Q

Passive transport

A

Molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the use of cellular energy (ATP)

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8
Q

Diffusion

A

Molecules move from an area of higher to lower concentration
Cells obtain oxygen and release carbon dioxide by diffusion

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9
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane
Follows concentration gradient of water; area of higher to an area of lower concentration

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10
Q

Active transport

A

Molecules are moved against the concentration gradient which requires cellular energy

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11
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell Eating
Ingesting solid particles and then digest it.
Extracellular particles of solid matter brought into cell

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12
Q

List microbial staining methods.

A

Gram stain
Acid-fast stain
Endospore stain

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13
Q

Gram Staining

A

Very commonly performed
It is a differential stain used to classify bacteria as gram positive or negative.
Used in combination with morphology to identify microbes

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14
Q

Acid Fast Staining

A

is a differential stain. Acid fast microorganisms contains a wax-like cell walls, making them almost impermeable.

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15
Q

Endospore Staining

A

Is also a differential stain used to visualized spore in a bacteria.

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16
Q

State types of general culture media and special culture techniques.

A

General culture media: enriched, selective, differential
Special culture techniques: cell, animal, low-oxygen, enrichment
Aerobic and anaerobic cultures in surgery
Culture and sensitivity (C&S)
Rapid identification tests

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17
Q

Special culture techniques.

A

Aerobic and anaerobic cultures in surgery
Culture and sensitivity (C&S)
Rapid identification tests

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18
Q

shapes of bacteria

A

Coccus–round/circle
Bacillus-rods
Spirilla-spiral

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19
Q

Binary Fission

A

is process by which a bacterium divides into two identical cells
Mother cell  two daughter cells

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20
Q

List types of bacterial species classified by oxygen and carbon dioxide growth requirements.

A 
Obligate aerobes
Microaerophiles
Obligate anaerobes
Facultative anaerobes
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Capnophiles
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21
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Microorganisms that requires oxygen to survive and grow

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22
Q

Microaerophiles

A

Microorganisms that requires oxygen (about 5% oxygen), but can’t tolerate atmospheric level of it.

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23
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Microorganisms for which oxygen is lethal; requires the complete absence of oxygen.

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24
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Microorganisms capable of both fermentation and respiration; grows in the presence or absence of oxygen.

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25
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Anaerobes that grows in the presence of oxygen but does not use it metabolically.
26
Capnophiles
Requires elevated CO2 levels.
27
Top 5 pathogens associated with surgical site infections.
``` Staphylococcus aureus Coagulase-negative staphylococci Enterococcus spp. Escherichia coli (E. coli) Pseudomonas aeruginosa ```
28
Identify the viral pathogens relevant to the operating room.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Hepatitis C virus (HCV) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Human papilloma virus (HPV)
29
Prion
Proteinaceous infectious particle (an infectious protein). They are responsible for transmitting many diseases in humans and animals. In cattle, it will cause “Mad Cow Disease” In humans, it will cause “Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease”
30
Why are prions a problem?
No vaccine and no cure; causes a fatal disease Transmitted by human tissue and on surgical instruments This protein is highly resistant to highly resistant to physical (steam under pressure or dry heat) and chemical (ethylene oxide) sterilization.
31
How do we deal with prions in surgery?
Use disposable instruments or destroy reusable instruments set used for the procedure. Special environmental cleaning
32
Symbiosis
Close relationship between human hosts and indigenous microflora
33
Mutualism
Relationship between two organisms in which both organisms benefit and depend on one another
34
Commensalism
Relationship between two organisms in which one benefits and the other organism neither benefits nor is harmed
35
Parasitism
One organism benefits and the host is harmed
36
Pathogenicity
The ability to cause disease
37
Indigenous microflora
Microbes that live on the skin and inside the human body
38
Opportunistic pathogens
Indigenous microbes that, under normal circumstances, are harmless but cause disease under certain circumstances
39
Biofilms.
Is an assemblage of surface-associated microbial cells that is enclosed in an extracellular polymeric substance matrix. In other words, it is a collection of microbes that adhere to surfaces and that are bound together by a sticky substance (polysaccarides)
40
State examples of the impact of bacterial biofilms in surgical infection control.
Sources of biofilm-related infections can include the surfaces of catheters, medical implants, wound dressings, or other types of medical devices. Biofilms make bacteria less susceptible to antibiotics and the human immune system Biofilms are very difficult to remove from surfaces by normal cleaning
41
Virulence
The ability or power of a microorganism to cause disease
42
Epidemiology
The study of the occurrence and cause of diseases, with an emphasis on control and prevention
43
Epidemic
Pertaining to a disease affecting an exceptionally high % of people in a community at one time
44
Pandemic
Pertaining to a disease affecting an exceptionally high % of people worldwide, such as HIV or malaria.
45
Endemic
Pertaining to a disease that occurs continuously within a local population
46
Innate immunity.
Born with this type – for general protection | Immune mechanisms present at birth that confer general rather than specific protection
47
Example of first line of immune defense
Prevents microbes from entering body; has both physical and chemical barriers Skin Mucous membranes (tissue) Respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive Mucus (a substance secreted by cells) Traps particles; cilia move mucus out and eliminate by sneezing; coughing Tears Saliva Urination
48
Example of the second line of immune defense.
Deals with microbes (any type) that have entered the body
49
Cell-mediated immunity (third line of defense).
An immune response controlled by T-cells T-cells knowns as killer T-cells recognize and destroy cells containing the antigen Helper T-cells stimulate growth of more killer T-cells Memory T-cells respond to previous pathogens
50
Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity (third line of defense).
An immune response controlled by B-cells An immune response controlled by B-cells Each B-cell contains a specific antibody that recognizes a specific antigen Helper T-cells enhance activated B-cells to divide into short-term B-cells (to deal with the current invasion) and long-term memory B-cells (to deal with future exposure to same antigen)
51
Naturally acquired active immunity
Immunity that results from exposure to a pathogen, illness, and recovery from that specific pathogen; provides long-term protection because antibodies are produced (memory B-cells)
52
Artificially acquired active immunity
Immunity resulting from any immunization with an antigen (vaccine); provides long-term protection because antibodies are produced (memory B-cells)
53
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Immunity resulting from mother to baby transmission of immunoglobulins; short-term protection
54
Artificially acquired passive immunity
Immunity resulting from injection of antibody-containing serum, or immunoglobulin, from another person or animal; short-term protection only
55
Example of Naturally acquired active immunity
Having Chicken pox (varicella) or Measles as a child
56
Example of Artificially acquired active immunity
Hepatitis B Vaccine (HBV series of 3) vaccinations MMR series Tetanus shot
57
Example of Naturally acquired passive immunity
Placental transfer of IgG from mother to fetus during pregnancy The IgA and IgG found in breast milk
58
Example of Artificially acquired passive immunity
Hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) from human to prevent hepatitis B Varicella zoster immune globulin (VZIG) to prevent varicella
59
Endocytosis
Extracellular materials are brought into the cell
60
Exocytosis
Large molecules are excreted by the cell
61
Culture and sensitivity
Is a special culture technique used to grow sampled microbes Then expose those microbes to various antibiotics to determine best agent to use to treat those microbes Microbes grow and the level of sensitivity to antibiotics is used to help determine best agent to use to treat those microbes
62
Rapid identification tests
rapid antibiotic sensitivity test (RAST) Improved method of quickly identifying microbes and which antibiotic will work best; uses molecular techniques rather than traditional culture techniques
63
Aerobic and anaerobic cultures in surgery
Are samples of fluid/tissue obtained during surgery Results demonstrate types of bacteria present in sample In other words they are taken in surgery to identify bacteria present in an area.
64
Adaptive (specific) immunity
Develops from exposure to microorganisms

Surgical Sciences (2 decks)

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